医学考博真题.docx
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医学考博真题.docx
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医学考博真题
Listening:
无
Vocabulary:
SectionA
31.AccordingtotheGeneva______noprisonersofwarshallbesubjecttoabuse.
A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines
32.Environmentalofficialsinsistthatsomethingbedoneto______acidrain.
A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn
33.Itisimpossibletosayhowitwilltakeplace,becauseitwillhappen______,anditwillnotbealongprocess.
A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneously
C.principallyD.approximately
34.Diabetesisoneofthemost______andpotentiallydangerousdiseaseintheworld.
A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent
35.Rheumatologistadvisesthatthosewithongoingachesandpainsfirstseekmedicalhelpto______theproblem.
A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate
36.Howisitpossiblethatsuch______deceptionhascometotakeplacerightunderournoses?
A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread
37.NowapaperinSciencearguesthatorganicchemicalsintherockcomemostlyfrom______onearthratherthanbacteriaonMars.
A.configurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contamination
38.Chronichigh-doseintakeofvitaminAhasbeenshowntohave______effectsonbones.
A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful
39.Generally,vaccinemakers_____thevirusinfertilizedchickeneggsinaprocessthatcantakefourtosixmonths.
A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate
40.Wearemuchquickertorespond,andwerespondfartooquicklybygiving______toouranger.
A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence
SectionB
41.Thepatient'sconditionhasworsenedsincelastnight.
A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed
42.BeijingTelevision-StationTransmittingTowerreallylooksmagnificentatnightwhenit’slitup.
A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained
43.Attemptstorestrictparkinginthecitycentrehavefurtheraggravatedtheproblemoftrafficcongestion.
A.amelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated
44.Theapplicationsofgeneticengineeringareabundantandchoosingoneappropriateforthiscasecanberatherdifficult.
A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable
45.Thedefectoccursinthefirsteightweeksofpregnancy,thoughnooneunderstandswhy.
A.deficitB.deviationC.drawbackD.discrepancy
46.Hehasbeenonhormonealternatetherapyforfouryearsandlooksfantastic.
A.successorB.replacementC.surrogateD.choice
47.Ithadover2,000apartmentcomplexes,agreatmarket,alargenumberofindustrialworkshops,anadministrativecenter,anumberofmassivereligiousedifices,andaregulargridpatternofstreetsandbuildings.
A.ancientB.carefully
C.verylargeD.carefullyprotected
48.Whenpatientsspendextendedperiodsinhospital,theytendtobecomeoverlydependentandloseinterestintakingcareofthemselves.
A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly
49.Theanxiousparentwasvigilantovertheinjuredchildinspiteofafullarrayofemergencyroomofdoctorsandnurses.
A.preoccupiedB.unwaryC.watchfulD.dozing
50.Thedoctorvacillatedsofrequentlyondisease-preventiontechniquesthathiscolleaguesaccusedhimofinconsistency.
A.waveredB.instigatedC.experimentedD.relied
Cloze
Wespendalotoftimelookingattheeyesofothersforsocial51—ithelpsusunderstandaperson’emotions,andmakedecisionsabouthowtorespondtothem.Wealsoknowthatadultsavoideyecontactwhenanxious.Butresearchershaveknownfar52abouteyegazingpatternsinchildren.
AccordingtonewresearchbyKalinaMichalska,assistantprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,wenow,knowthatanxiouschildrentendtoavoidmakingeyecontact,andthishasconsequencesforhowtheyexperiencefear.The53andlessfrequentlytheylookattheeyesofothers,themorelikelytheyaretobeafraidofthem,evenwhentheremaybenoreasontobe.Herstudy,“AnxietySymptomsandChildren'sEyeGazeDuringFearLeaming”,waspublishedinthejournalTheJournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry.
"Lookingatsomeone’seyeshelpsusunderstandwhetherapersonisfeelingsad,angry,fearful,orsurprised.Asadults,wethenmakedecisionsabouthowtorespondandwhattodonext.But,weknowmuchlessabouteyepatternsinchildren—so,understandingthosepatternscanhelpuslearnmoreaboutthedevelopmentofsociallearning,”Michalskasaid.
Michalskaandtheteamofresearchersshowed82children,9to13yearsold,imagesoftwowomen’sfacesonacomputerscreen.Thecomputerwasequippedwithaneyetrackingdevicethatallowedthemtomeasure54onthescreenchildrenwerelooking,andforhowlong.Theparticipantswereoriginallyshowneachofthetwowomenatotaloffourtimes.Next,oneoftheimageswas55withaloudscreamandafearfulexpression,andtheotheronewasnot.Attheend,childrensawbothfacesagainwithoutanysoundorscream.
Thefollowingthreeconclusionscanbedrawnfromthestudy:
1.Allchildrenspentmoretimelookingattheeyesofafacethatwaspairedwiththeloudscreamthanthefacethatwasnotpairedwiththescream,56theypayattentiontopotentialthreatsevenintheabsenceofoutwardcues.
2.Childrenwhoweremoreanxiousavoidedeyecontactduringallthreephasesoftheexperiment,forbothkindsoffaces.Thishadconsequencesforhowafraidtheywereofthefaces.
3.Themorechildrenavoidedeyecontact;themoreafraidtheywere57thefaces.
Theconclusionssuggestthatchildrenspendmoretimelookingattheeyesofafacewhenpreviouslypairedwithsomethingfrighteningsuggestingtheypaymoreattentiontopotentiallythreateninginformationasawaytolearnmoreaboutthesituationandplanwhattodonext.
However,anxiouschildrentendtoavoidmakingeyecontact,whichleadstogreater58experience.Eventhoughavoidingeyecontactmayreduceanxiety59,thestudyfindsthat—overtime—childrenmaybemissingout60_importantsocialinformation.Thisincludesthatapersonmaynolongerbethreateningorscary,andyetthechildcontinuesfeelingfearfulofthatperson.
51.A.environmentB.cuesC.relationsD.answers
52.A.lessB.moreC.enoughD.beyond
53.A.longerB.moreanxiousC.shorterD.more
54.A.whereB.whenC.howD.what
55.A.followedB.recordedC.pairedD.marked
56.A.suggestB.suggestingC.suggestsD.beingsuggested
57.A.toB.ofC.atD.about
58.A.fearB.surpriseC.sadD.angry
59.A.inthelongrunB.foralongtime
C.intheshorttimeD.inalongtime
60.A.withB.withoutC.ofD.on
ReadingComprehension
PassageOne
TheBritishpsychoanalystJohnBowlbymaintainsthatseparationfromtheparentsduringthesensitive“attachment”periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild’spersonalityandpredisposetoemotionalproblemsinlaterlife.
SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby'sworkthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthreebecauseoftheparentalseparationitentails,andmanypeopledobelievethis.Ithasbeenarguedthataninfantunderthreewhoiscaredforoutsidethehomemaysufferbecauseoftheseparationfromhisparents.Buttherearealsoargumentsagainstsuchastrongconclusion.
Buttraditionalsocietiesaresodifferentfrommodemsocietiesthatcomparisonsbasedonjustonefactorarehardtointerpret.Firstly,anthropologistspointoutthattheinsulatedloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodemsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.Forexample,insometribalsocieties,suchastheNgoni,thefatherandmotherofachilddidnotreartheirinfantalone—farfromit.
Certainty,Bowlby’sanalysisraisesthepossibilitiesthatearlydaycarehaddelayedeffects.Thepossibilitythatsuchcaremightleadto,say,morementalillnessorcrime15or20yearslatercanonlyexploredbytheuseofstatistics.However,statisticalstudiesofthiskindhavenotyetbeencarriedout,andeveniftheywere,theresultswouldcertainlybecomplicatedandcontroversial.Secondly,commonsensetellsusthatdaycarewouldnotbesowidespreadtodayifparents,care-takersfoundchildrenhadproblemswithit.Thirdly,inthelastdecade,therehavebeenanumberofcarefulAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycare,andtheyhaveuniformlyreportedthatcarehadaneutralorslightlypositiveeffectonchildren’sdevelopment.
Whateverthelong-termeffects,parentssometimesfindtheimmediateeffectsdifficulttodealwith.Childrenunderthreearelikelytoprotestatleavingtheirparentsandshowunhappiness.Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy,andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparentsmakeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter,then,isfarfromclear-cut,thoughexperienceandavailableevidenceindicateearlycareisreasonableforinfants.
61.Accordingtothepassage,theconsequenceofparentalseparation________.
A.stillneedsmorestatisticalstudies
B.hasbeenfoundnegativeismoreserious
C.isobvious
D.inmodemtimes
62.TheauthorthinksthatJohnBowlby’sconcern___________.
A.isrelevantandjustifiable
B.istoostrongtoRelieve
C.isutterlygroundless
D.hassomethingthatdeserveourattention
63.What’stheresultofAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycareinthelastdecade?
A.Thechildren’sunhappinessandprotestwasduetothedaycarethechildrenreceived.
B.Thebadeffectsofparentalseparationwerehardtodealwith.
C.Theeffectofdaycarewasnotnecessarilynegativeonchildren’sdevelopment.
D.Earlycarewasreasonableforbabiessinceit’spracticedbysomanypeoplenowadays.
64
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