解读《简爱》的帝国主义意识.docx
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解读《简爱》的帝国主义意识.docx
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解读《简爱》的帝国主义意识
OntheImperialisticConsciousnessofJaneEyre
Abstract
Culturalaggressionisoneofthewaysthatimperialisticcountriesconquerthecolonies,astheproductionoftheculture;JaneEyreincludesmanyfactorsoftheimperialism.Inthemiddleof19thcentury,Britainbegantoexpandtotheoutsiderapidly,mostoftheBritishpeoplerevelinthedreamoftheWhiteMyth.Asoneoftherepresentsofideologicalnovel,JaneEyrewasinevitabletoadvancetotheculturalempire,andCharlotteBronte’sJaneEyreisoneofthemostimportantloopsinthenarration.Inthenovel,theantagonismbetweensuzerainandcolonies,thesuperiorityoftheempireanddiscriminationtothecoloniespermeatedthroughit.Theimperialisticflavourpervadedinit.FromVictoriatimeson,Britainbegantodevelopcolonization.Atthesametime,theculturalsourceofideologyplayedanimportantpart.JaneEyreincludestherecessivestructureoftheimperialisticconsciousness,exhibitsallkindsofculturalcharactersintheperiodoftheimperialism,andrevealstheconnectionbetweenthecultureandimperialism.
KeyWords
imperialism;colonialism;culture;feminism
摘 要
文化战略是帝国主义国家控制殖民地的一种方式,作为文化的产物,<<简.爱>>包含了帝国主义的各种因素。
19世纪中期的英国,以前所未有的速度向外扩张,人们普遍沉醉于白色神话的迷梦中,而作为意识形态表现之一的小说也在向文化帝国迈进。
夏绿蒂.勃朗特的<<简.爱>>是其叙事链中举足轻重的一环。
在这部小说里,宗主国与殖民地的对立,帝国的优越感和对殖民地的歧视都渗透其中,弥漫着十足的帝国主义味道。
英国自维多利亚时代开始,就不断发展对外殖民事业。
其中,作为意识形态的文化资源也起了举足轻重的作用。
<<简.爱>>这部小说中也有着帝国主义意识的隐性结构,隐性话语,展示了帝国主义时代的种种文化上的特点,显示了文化和帝国主义之间的联系。
关键词
帝国主义;殖民主义;文化;女权主义
Introduction
JaneEyrewascreatedinthemiddleof19thcentury.Itisalwaysaclassicallovestoryinpeople’shearts.CharlotteBrontealsobecameveryfamousallovertheworldbecauseofit.JaneEyrewasfiguredasagreatwoman,whowaschaste,well-informedandstrong-willed.Shelivedinthebottomofthesociety,sufferedenoughfromtribulations,however,shewasstubborn,aggressiveandbravetoseekforherhappinessandfairness.Soherspiritswasadmiredbypeopletoo.Peopleneverchangedsuchkindofthoughtthatitisjustalovestory,butafterreadingmanytimesthewritergotalotofnewviewsaboutit.Accordingtothecreatedtimeofthework,Britainbegantoexpandtotheoutsiderapidlyanddevelopcolonization.Andatthattimetheimperialisticcolonizationwasnotonlytheexpansionoftheterritoryandpillageofthesource,butalsotheideologicalcolonization.Atthattime,astheideology,theculturalsourceplayedanimportantpartinthecolonizationandintheimperialisticcondition,asoneofrepresentsofideologicalnovel,JaneEyrewasinevitablytoadvancetotheculturalempire.CharlotteBronte’sJaneEyrethatwascreatedinthisperiodimpliedstrongimperialisticcolour.Therearefulloftheantagonismbetweensuzerainandcolonies,thesuperiorityoftheempireand discriminationtothecolonies.Theimperialisticflavourinthisnovelexhibitedallkindsoftheculturalcharactersintheperiodoftheimperialism.AsoneoftherepresentativeworksintheperiodofBritishcolonization,JaneEyrewasaverygreatworkofthelovestories.Fromalovestorytothereflectionoftheimperialism,CharlotteBrontewasatpainsindeed,thelovewasdifficulttoescapefromtheaffectionoftheimperialisticconsciousnessbecauseintheperiodoftheimperialismpeople’slivewasrelatedwiththeimperialisticconsciousnessinsomedegree.
I.SomeTreatise0ntheImperialism
Intermsofthewidestmeaning,theimperialismreferstothestructureofsomeempire,soifsomecountryexpandeditscontroltooneormoreneighbouringcountries,theimperialismbecameonesideinthatperiod.Accordingtothecommonmeaning,EdwardSaidthoughttheimperialismwassomemetropoliscentreofthecontrolwhichruledthedistantpossessionitwasapractice,atheoryandaattitude,andthecoursewasalsodifferentfromcolonialismwhichindicatedmigrationandcolonizationinthedistantpossession.(EdwardSaid,55)Butgenerallyspeaking,theword“imperialism”asapublicpolicywhichthroughthewayofthestratagemandpoliticstogettheadvantagesoftheeconomicsandconquerthecoloniesappeareduntil1880th.Beforethattime,theword“empire”,especiallyinBritainindicatedaprocessthattheEuropeansexpandedtothecoloniesontheflagofbeneficent—thecolonieswerenotoccupied,butaccrued.Inthemiddleof19thcentury,theword“imperialism”wasdescribedforthegovernmentandthepolicyofNapoleonIIIwhoappointedtheemperorforhimself.Till1870,thewordwasusedintheBritishpartieswhoslanderedforeachother.Butafter1880,the“imperialism”becameallkindsofpolitical,culturalandeconomicalreasonsamongEuropeancountries.Itwasobviouslyanaggressivepolicy.
Themodernmeaningoftheimperialismisthattheempiresgrabtheoverseascolonies.TheimperialismisconcernedwithEuropeanizationwhichhasthreeperiods:
thegreatdiscoveryofgeographyintheperiodof15thand16th;thecommercialismintheperiodof17thand18thcentury;theimperialismintheperiodof19thandearly20th.TheEuropeanizationwasnotcausedbytheEuropeangovernmentsandcountries,butthetenthousandofcolonists,businessmen,churchmenandadventurersspreadingalloverAfricaandEurope.ItisdifficulttotracebacktotherootofEuropeanization,buttheveryimportantthingistounderstandhowtheEuropeanimperialismwaslaidthefoundationbytheusualtravellers,adventurers,churchmenandcolonistsforseveralcenturies.
Theimperialismisthatacountryconquersandrobstoanothercountry,fromRomeperiodtotoday,ithasaverylonghistoryandthemostobviousrepresentisthatthehistoricalpoweronitsbackistheplentyofthematerials,thewidemarkets,andthecheapestlaboursareneededbythecompetitiveeconomicalsystemofthewestcountries.Atthesametime,theideologysuppliedtheimportantsupporttotheimperialismandmadeitlaythefoundationontheculturalandpoliticaladvantagesoftheimperialisticcountries.Thestrongideologyandthebureaucracysystemmovingallovertheworldwasthereasonwhytheimperialismwasdifferentfromcolonialism.Theimperialismkeptupthekindofsystematichegemonybyalotofways,whichincludedtheslavery,thecivilisation,andmodernizationinthepolitics,law,religion,healthandeducation.AfterWorldWarII,theimperialismhadnewpatternswhichnotleanedtothehostility,operationandarmsraceofthecountriesinEurope,butaimedattheeconomicalrelationbetweenfirstworldcountryandthirdworldcountry.Thiskindofnewstageofthecolonialismbecametheresearchobjectofthepost-colonialismfinally.
II.TheDeepRelationsoftheImperialism,theColonialismandtheCulture
Thereisasimplewaytoexplainthecloserelationamongtheimperialism,colonialismandculture:
makingphrasesrespectivelywiththeword“culture”bythewords“imperialism”and“colonialism”,twophraseshaveformed—CulturalImperialismandCulturalColonialism.Thetwophrasescanexplainthedeeprelationamongtheimperialism,thecolonialismandthecultureverywell.
InordertogiveaperfectexplanationofCulturalImperialismtothelearningworld,therewerealotofsavantshadmadegoodexplanationsofCulturalImperialism.Theseexplanationsalsoembodythecloserelationsofthem.theymasteredCulturalImperialismaccordingtothemeaningthattheeconomicwasthepioneerandtheculturewastheaimanddefineditaccordingtothemeaningoftheculturewasthepioneerandservedfortheeconomicsandpolitics.SomesavantsthoughtthatCulturalImperialismwasmediumimperialismandsomeothersbelievedthatitwasanationalcultureinplaceofanotherone.HansJ.Morgenthauthoughtthatitwasapolicywhichisnotbythewayofconqueringtheterritoryandcontrollingtheeconomiclives,butconqueringandcontrollingpeople’smind.Accordingtohisideas,ifacountrycarriedoutthepolicyofCulturalImperialismtoconquerthemainpeople’smind,furthertorulethewholecountry,itwasbetterthanbythewayofmilitaryaffairs.
Thecolonialismisalsoapolicythatthecapitalisticcountriesusedthemilitaryaffairs,politicsandeconomicstoconquer,enslaveandexploittheweakcountries,nationsandtheunenlightenedareasandmakethembecomethecoloniesorhalf-colonies.however,Inthedifferentperiodsofthecapitalism,thecolonialismhavethedifferentrepresentforms:
intheprimitiveperiodoftheaccumulationofthecapital,thecolonialismtakethewaysofthebareviolencesuchas thearmedoccupation,overseascolonization,plunderofthepiracy,deceitfultradeandbloodymarketingofslaves;intheperiodoftheliberalcapitalism,itwasmainlybythewayof“liberaltrade”—capitalisticcountrymadetheundevelopedcountries,nationsandareasbecomeitsmerchandisemarkets,theproducingareasoftherawmaterial,investmentplacesandsourcesofthelaboursandemploysoldiers;intheperiodoftheimperialism,exceptfortheaboveways,theexportofthecapitalwasthemainformtoexploitthesecountriesandnations.Betweenthelateof19thandthebeginningof20th century,thecountriesandareasoftheworldthatwereoccupiedascoloniesorhalf-colonieshadformedtheimperialisticcolonizationsystem.AfterWorldWarII,thenationalismranup,mostoftheAfro-Asiancountriesgottheindependenceanddestroyedtheimperialisticsystem.Atthesametime,thecolonialcountriesusedthewaysoftheindirect,covertanddeceptiveformstomaintainandfigureforthemorecolonialbenefits.Onthepolitics,oneside,theyallowandadmittheindependenceofthecoloniesandhalf-colonies;ontheotherhand,theyeducatedandsupporttheiragenttocontrolthesecountries.Onth
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