范文.docx
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范文.docx
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范文
摘要
本论文对法律词汇的特点及其在法律英语翻译中的运用展开研究。
论文共分为三个部分。
论文第一章是对法律英语的一般介绍,其内容包括:
法律英语的定义、重要性及法律英语应遵守的标准:
忠实、准确、通顺和一致。
在第二章里面,主要介绍了法律英语的四个特点,即:
专业性、正式性、客观性、准确性,其间也列举了一些词语翻译的例子以增强理解。
为了论证第二章提到的翻译标准和第三章提出的词汇特点在翻译实践中的可行性和有效性,作者对《中华人民共和国广告法》的英译文部分条款进行了分析,对其中个别词汇恰当与不足之处的进行了剖析。
同时指出翻译工作者在从事法律英语翻译的过程中,凡是在可能的地方都应该做到的一些词汇翻译技巧。
作者认为做到这些方面,法律英语翻译就可能达到忠实、准确、通顺和一致的要求。
最后为本论文的结论部分。
关键词:
法律英语,法律英语词汇特点,翻译实践
Abstract
ThepresentthesisisdevotedtoastudyofcharacteristicsandtranslationofLegalLexicon.Thethesisconsistsofthreeparts.
ChapterOneisanintroductiontolegalEnglish,dealingwiththedefinition,significanceandspecificcriteriaforlegaltranslation:
Faithfulness,Accuracy,Smoothness,Consistency.Thefollowingchaptermainlyintroducesthefourcharacteristicsoflegaltranslation:
profession,formality,objectivityandprecision.Inthelightofthecriteriainchapteroneandcharacteristicsinchaptertwo,adiscussionismadeonthelegallexicontranslationinchapterthree.ImakeananalysisoftheEnglishVersionoftheAdvertisementLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandlistsomelexicontranslationtechniquesthatthosewhoarehandlinglegaldocumentEnglish-Chinesetranslationshouldinnocasefailtouse.Whentheabove-mentionedtechniquesareputintopractice,thefourcriteriaforlegaltranslationwillbeobservedandbettertranslationscreated.Ihopethethesiscanbeastudywhichhasbothpracticalandtheoreticalvalues.
Keywords:
LegalEnglish,characteristicsoflegallexicon,translationpractice
Contents
ChapterOneIntroduction1
1.1Definition1
1.2Review1
1.3PurposeandSignificance2
1.4SpecificCriteriaforLegalTranslation2
ChapterTwotheLexicalCharacteristicsofLegalEnglish4
2.1Profession4
2.2Formality5
2.3Objectivity6
2.4Precision(accuracy)6
ChapterThreePracticeofLegalEnglish8
3.1Adoptionofhere-/there-words8
3.2AdoptionofTypicalwordsandExpressions9
3.3AdoptionofExactWords10
3.4CorrectAdoptionofshall12
3.5TranslationofWordsandExpressionswithFlexibleMeanings13
ChapterFourConclusion15
Bibliography16
Acknowledgements17
文献翻译译文18
文献翻译原文20
ChapterOneIntroduction
1.1Definition
ThelinguistictermlegalEnglishhereinreferstothelanguageofEnglishusedinallkindsofdocumentsorbusinessevidenceswithlegalcapacity.Therearestillsomeothernamesfortheselegaldocumentsandbusinessevidenceasact,agreement,bill,code,concord,contract,convention,decree,law,memorandum,pact,regulation,rule,specification,statute,stipulation,treaty,andsoonandsoforth.
1.2Review
LegalTranslationinthewest:
AccordingtoSarcevic,theoldestknownrecordedevidenceoflegaltranslationistheEgyptian-HittitePeaceTreatyof1271B.C.(Sarcevic,1997:
23)AlthoughlegaltranslationhasalongertraditionthanthatofBibletranslation,thehistoryoflegaltranslationhasremainedmoreorlessanenigma.Nopreviousattemptshavebeenmadetostudythedevelopmentoflegaltranslationcomprehensively.
LegaltranslationinChina:
ThehistoryoflegaltranslationinChinadatesbacktoasearlyasthousandsofyearsago.TheoriginoflegaltranslationcanbetracedbacktothetimebeforethefoundingofXiadynasty.Inthehistoryofhumancivilization,exchangesbetweendifferentculturesplayedanimportantpart.TheChinesecivilizationbenefitedalotfromtwogreattraditions.OneisfromIndiaandtheotherfromtheWest,bothofwhicharethroughtranslation.ThedisseminationandpromotionoftheWesternlawisamainstreamideaintheexchangebetweenChinaandtheWestduringLateImperialChina.
1.3PurposeandSignificance
Englishitselfisaflexiblelanguagewhichhastakeninlargenumbersoflexicalitemsfromtheadjacentnationsthroughhistory.LegalEnglishisespeciallyinfluencedbytheeffect.Haveagoodcommandofthecharacteristicsofvarioussourcelanguagescannotonlyhelpthetranslatorstounderstandtheoriginaltextbetterandtranslateitintothetargetlanguagemoreprecisely,butalsohelpthemtoavoidthelanguagetraps,savinglotsoftimewastedonthefruitlesswordgame.Inlegaltranslation,thelegalEnglishisinlargeextentdifferentfromtheEnglishtheeducatedpeopleusuallytaught.Theso-calledlegalterminology,jargon,archaicwords,loanword,synonymouswordshavegivenbigtroublesinunderstandingtoaveragepersonsorlegaltranslators.Atthesametime,withthedevelopmentofeconomy,technologicalandculturalcooperationbetweenChinaandothercountries,legaltranslationplaysamajorroleintheprocessofcommunicationandisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.AslegalLexicaltranslationisdeemedasaverydifficultpartbythosewhoareemployedinthebusiness,it’svitaltodoadeepresearchonit.
1.4SpecificCriteriaforLegalTranslation
Heateddiscussiononthethreeprinciplesoftranslation(Faithfulness,Smoothness,andElegance)isproceedingamongChinesetranslators.Itseemsquiterecklesstocometoaconclusionastowhichprincipleismoreimportantandwhichoneshouldbeabandonednow.However,whenitcomestoacertainfieldoftranslationorratherthetranslationbetweenaspecificstyleofEnglishlanguageandChineseisconcerned,itisnotimpracticableforustobalanceeachoneoftheseprinciplesagainsttheotherssoastodeterminewhichonesareofmorepracticaluse.
AstoLegalEnglish,ithastwokeystylisticfeatures:
formalityandPrecision,whichgiverisetosomecharacteristicsofthelexiconsyntaxandtextoflegaldocuments.Therefore,thecriteriaofthetranslationoflegalEnglishshould,inasense,bespecific.Consideringallthese,theauthorpresentsfourcriteriaofFaithfulness,Accuracy,Smoothness,Consistency,whicharebasedonthePrinciplesofFaithfulness,SmoothnessandElegancebutmorepracticaltolegaltranslation.Fromthefourcriteriawecanreadilynoticethattwonewcriteria—AccuracyandConsistency—areaddedtotheformerthreecriteriawhileEleganceisabandoned.Therootcauseforthisalterationliesinthecharacteristicsofthelanguageofthelaw.
Inthenewcriteriaforlegaltranslation,apartfromemphasizingthatthetargetlanguagemustbefaithfultothesourcelanguage,thereisademandforaccuracybetweenthem.TherearealargenumberofcommonwordswithuncommonmeaningsinlegalEnglish.Forexample,ifwetranslatethewordactioninto“行动、行为”inChinese,itshouldnotbedeemedthatwehavefailedtoobservethecriteriaofFaithfulness.However,thetranslationmaybeconsideredinaccurateinlegaltranslationforitshouldberenderedinto“诉讼”inChinese.ItisagoodexampletoexplainthesignificanceofobservingthecriterionofAccuracyinlegaltranslation.Thelanguageofthelawisrichintermsofart,jargonsandpropernouns.Whenencounteringthesewordsandexpressions,therequestforConsistencybecomesexceptionallyurgentanditseemsthatinconsistenttranslationswillinevitablyresultinmisunderstanding.
ThePrincipleofEleganceisremovedfromthecriteriaforlegaltranslationbecausethelanguageofthelawisnormativeandprecise.Itisofvitalimportancetoachieveprecisionandavoidambiguityinanytranslation,evenatthesacrificeofelegance,say,rareuseofmodifiers,theawkwardnessofthesentences.Therefore,itiscorrespondinglyoffarlesssignificancetoachieveElegancethanFaithfulness,Accuracy,SmoothnessandConsistencyinlegaltranslation.
ChapterTwotheLexicalCharacteristicsofLegalEnglish
2.1Profession
Likeothersubjects,legalterminologyandlegaljargonhaveitsparticulardefinition.Asthetoolandresultofthelegalprofessionthinking,legalterminologyhasitsownlanguagestructureandexpressspecialconcept.Itshighappearancerateinthelegallanguageshowsitsdistinctcharacter,sothemeaningsofthesewordsareuniqueandirreplaceable.Forinstance,“住所”shouldbetranslatedtodomicile,homeisthebasisofdomicilewhiledomicileishome’slegalmeaning;inaddition,domicileandresidencemayrefertoasameplaceinmostcases,buttheirlegalmeaningdifferalot.Onecanowntwoormoreresidenceatthesametimewhilehe/shecanjustownonedomicile.Theabove-mentionedvocabulariesarecalledtermsofartthatoriginatefromtheLatinvocabulaartisusedbyLordLoke.Thelawhascreatedalargenumberoftechniquewordswithsinglemeaning,thus,termsofartisverycommonnowinthelegaldocument.
Exceptthewordswithparticularlegalmeanings,manydaily-usedwordsmayhavespecialmeaningsonceappliedinthelegaldocuments.Thischaracteriswhatweusuallycalledprofession.HerearesomeexamplesofthecommonmeaningsandlegalmeaningsoftheEnglishwords.
Englishwords
Commonmeaning
Legalmeaning
adverse
相反的
非法的
battery
电池
伤害/人身攻击
condemn
谴责
判刑/定罪
declaration
声明/宣言
申诉书
exhibit
展出
物证
hear
听见
听审
immunity
免疫力
豁免权
leave
离开
休庭
proceed
进行
起诉
report
报告
揭发
sentence
句子
判决
undo
解开
勾引/诱奸
vacation
假期
休庭期
warrant
保证
拘捕令
Apartfromthesecommonwordswithparticularlegalmeanings,therearesomearchaicwordsandwordsborrowedfromotherlanguages,whicharealsoreflectionsoftheprofessionoflegallexicons.
Borrowedwords:
wordsborrowedfromLatin,suchas:
adhoc
专门地
bonafide
真诚地
defacto
事实上的
interalia
除了别的因素以外
inre
关于
mutatismutandis
已作了必要的修订
paripassu
按相同比例
perse
自身
probono
为了公益
prorata
按比例
Inaddition,thereareagreatmanyarchaicwordsinlegalEnglishandhere-/there-/where-wordsareamongthemostfrequentlyusedones.
hereby
由此/以此/特此
hereinafter
在下文
herein
其中/在此处
hereinbefore
在上文
hereof
至此/由此
heretofore
直到此时
hereto
至此/关于这个
hereinabove
在上文
hereunder
在下面
hereunto
于是
therein
其中
thereafter
此后/据
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