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范文

摘要

本论文对法律词汇的特点及其在法律英语翻译中的运用展开研究。

论文共分为三个部分。

论文第一章是对法律英语的一般介绍，其内容包括：

法律英语的定义、重要性及法律英语应遵守的标准：

忠实、准确、通顺和一致。

在第二章里面，主要介绍了法律英语的四个特点，即：

专业性、正式性、客观性、准确性，其间也列举了一些词语翻译的例子以增强理解。

为了论证第二章提到的翻译标准和第三章提出的词汇特点在翻译实践中的可行性和有效性，作者对《中华人民共和国广告法》的英译文部分条款进行了分析，对其中个别词汇恰当与不足之处的进行了剖析。

同时指出翻译工作者在从事法律英语翻译的过程中，凡是在可能的地方都应该做到的一些词汇翻译技巧。

作者认为做到这些方面，法律英语翻译就可能达到忠实、准确、通顺和一致的要求。

最后为本论文的结论部分。

关键词：

法律英语，法律英语词汇特点，翻译实践

Abstract

ThepresentthesisisdevotedtoastudyofcharacteristicsandtranslationofLegalLexicon.Thethesisconsistsofthreeparts.

ChapterOneisanintroductiontolegalEnglish,dealingwiththedefinition,significanceandspecificcriteriaforlegaltranslation：

Faithfulness，Accuracy，Smoothness，Consistency.Thefollowingchaptermainlyintroducesthefourcharacteristicsoflegaltranslation:

profession，formality,objectivityandprecision.Inthelightofthecriteriainchapteroneandcharacteristicsinchaptertwo,adiscussionismadeonthelegallexicontranslationinchapterthree.ImakeananalysisoftheEnglishVersionoftheAdvertisementLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandlistsomelexicontranslationtechniquesthatthosewhoarehandlinglegaldocumentEnglish-Chinesetranslationshouldinnocasefailtouse.Whentheabove-mentionedtechniquesareputintopractice，thefourcriteriaforlegaltranslationwillbeobservedandbettertranslationscreated.Ihopethethesiscanbeastudywhichhasbothpracticalandtheoreticalvalues.

Keywords:

LegalEnglish,characteristicsoflegallexicon,translationpractice

Contents

ChapterOneIntroduction1

1.1Definition1

1.2Review1

1.3PurposeandSignificance2

1.4SpecificCriteriaforLegalTranslation2

ChapterTwotheLexicalCharacteristicsofLegalEnglish4

2.1Profession4

2.2Formality5

2.3Objectivity6

2.4Precision（accuracy）6

ChapterThreePracticeofLegalEnglish8

3.1Adoptionofhere-/there-words8

3.2AdoptionofTypicalwordsandExpressions9

3.3AdoptionofExactWords10

3.4CorrectAdoptionofshall12

3.5TranslationofWordsandExpressionswithFlexibleMeanings13

ChapterFourConclusion15

Bibliography16

Acknowledgements17

文献翻译译文18

文献翻译原文20

ChapterOneIntroduction

1.1Definition

ThelinguistictermlegalEnglishhereinreferstothelanguageofEnglishusedinallkindsofdocumentsorbusinessevidenceswithlegalcapacity.Therearestillsomeothernamesfortheselegaldocumentsandbusinessevidenceasact,agreement,bill,code,concord,contract,convention,decree,law,memorandum,pact,regulation,rule,specification,statute,stipulation,treaty,andsoonandsoforth.

1.2Review

LegalTranslationinthewest:

AccordingtoSarcevic,theoldestknownrecordedevidenceoflegaltranslationistheEgyptian-HittitePeaceTreatyof1271B.C.（Sarcevic,1997:

23）AlthoughlegaltranslationhasalongertraditionthanthatofBibletranslation,thehistoryoflegaltranslationhasremainedmoreorlessanenigma.Nopreviousattemptshavebeenmadetostudythedevelopmentoflegaltranslationcomprehensively.

LegaltranslationinChina：

ThehistoryoflegaltranslationinChinadatesbacktoasearlyasthousandsofyearsago.TheoriginoflegaltranslationcanbetracedbacktothetimebeforethefoundingofXiadynasty.Inthehistoryofhumancivilization,exchangesbetweendifferentculturesplayedanimportantpart.TheChinesecivilizationbenefitedalotfromtwogreattraditions.OneisfromIndiaandtheotherfromtheWest,bothofwhicharethroughtranslation.ThedisseminationandpromotionoftheWesternlawisamainstreamideaintheexchangebetweenChinaandtheWestduringLateImperialChina.

1.3PurposeandSignificance

Englishitselfisaflexiblelanguagewhichhastakeninlargenumbersoflexicalitemsfromtheadjacentnationsthroughhistory.LegalEnglishisespeciallyinfluencedbytheeffect.Haveagoodcommandofthecharacteristicsofvarioussourcelanguagescannotonlyhelpthetranslatorstounderstandtheoriginaltextbetterandtranslateitintothetargetlanguagemoreprecisely,butalsohelpthemtoavoidthelanguagetraps,savinglotsoftimewastedonthefruitlesswordgame.Inlegaltranslation,thelegalEnglishisinlargeextentdifferentfromtheEnglishtheeducatedpeopleusuallytaught.Theso-calledlegalterminology,jargon,archaicwords,loanword，synonymouswordshavegivenbigtroublesinunderstandingtoaveragepersonsorlegaltranslators.Atthesametime,withthedevelopmentofeconomy,technologicalandculturalcooperationbetweenChinaandothercountries,legaltranslationplaysamajorroleintheprocessofcommunicationandisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.AslegalLexicaltranslationisdeemedasaverydifficultpartbythosewhoareemployedinthebusiness,it’svitaltodoadeepresearchonit.

1.4SpecificCriteriaforLegalTranslation

Heateddiscussiononthethreeprinciplesoftranslation（Faithfulness,Smoothness,andElegance）isproceedingamongChinesetranslators.Itseemsquiterecklesstocometoaconclusionastowhichprincipleismoreimportantandwhichoneshouldbeabandonednow.However,whenitcomestoacertainfieldoftranslationorratherthetranslationbetweenaspecificstyleofEnglishlanguageandChineseisconcerned,itisnotimpracticableforustobalanceeachoneoftheseprinciplesagainsttheotherssoastodeterminewhichonesareofmorepracticaluse.

AstoLegalEnglish,ithastwokeystylisticfeatures:

formalityandPrecision，whichgiverisetosomecharacteristicsofthelexiconsyntaxandtextoflegaldocuments.Therefore，thecriteriaofthetranslationoflegalEnglishshould，inasense，bespecific.Consideringallthese，theauthorpresentsfourcriteriaofFaithfulness，Accuracy，Smoothness，Consistency，whicharebasedonthePrinciplesofFaithfulness，SmoothnessandElegancebutmorepracticaltolegaltranslation.Fromthefourcriteriawecanreadilynoticethattwonewcriteria—AccuracyandConsistency—areaddedtotheformerthreecriteriawhileEleganceisabandoned.Therootcauseforthisalterationliesinthecharacteristicsofthelanguageofthelaw.

Inthenewcriteriaforlegaltranslation，apartfromemphasizingthatthetargetlanguagemustbefaithfultothesourcelanguage，thereisademandforaccuracybetweenthem.TherearealargenumberofcommonwordswithuncommonmeaningsinlegalEnglish.Forexample，ifwetranslatethewordactioninto“行动、行为”inChinese，itshouldnotbedeemedthatwehavefailedtoobservethecriteriaofFaithfulness.However，thetranslationmaybeconsideredinaccurateinlegaltranslationforitshouldberenderedinto“诉讼”inChinese.ItisagoodexampletoexplainthesignificanceofobservingthecriterionofAccuracyinlegaltranslation.Thelanguageofthelawisrichintermsofart，jargonsandpropernouns.Whenencounteringthesewordsandexpressions，therequestforConsistencybecomesexceptionallyurgentanditseemsthatinconsistenttranslationswillinevitablyresultinmisunderstanding.

ThePrincipleofEleganceisremovedfromthecriteriaforlegaltranslationbecausethelanguageofthelawisnormativeandprecise.Itisofvitalimportancetoachieveprecisionandavoidambiguityinanytranslation，evenatthesacrificeofelegance，say，rareuseofmodifiers，theawkwardnessofthesentences.Therefore，itiscorrespondinglyoffarlesssignificancetoachieveElegancethanFaithfulness，Accuracy，SmoothnessandConsistencyinlegaltranslation.

ChapterTwotheLexicalCharacteristicsofLegalEnglish

2.1Profession

Likeothersubjects,legalterminologyandlegaljargonhaveitsparticulardefinition.Asthetoolandresultofthelegalprofessionthinking,legalterminologyhasitsownlanguagestructureandexpressspecialconcept.Itshighappearancerateinthelegallanguageshowsitsdistinctcharacter,sothemeaningsofthesewordsareuniqueandirreplaceable.Forinstance,“住所”shouldbetranslatedtodomicile,homeisthebasisofdomicilewhiledomicileishome’slegalmeaning;inaddition,domicileandresidencemayrefertoasameplaceinmostcases,buttheirlegalmeaningdifferalot.Onecanowntwoormoreresidenceatthesametimewhilehe/shecanjustownonedomicile.Theabove-mentionedvocabulariesarecalledtermsofartthatoriginatefromtheLatinvocabulaartisusedbyLordLoke.Thelawhascreatedalargenumberoftechniquewordswithsinglemeaning,thus,termsofartisverycommonnowinthelegaldocument.

Exceptthewordswithparticularlegalmeanings,manydaily-usedwordsmayhavespecialmeaningsonceappliedinthelegaldocuments.Thischaracteriswhatweusuallycalledprofession.HerearesomeexamplesofthecommonmeaningsandlegalmeaningsoftheEnglishwords.

Englishwords

Commonmeaning

Legalmeaning

adverse

相反的

非法的

battery

电池

伤害/人身攻击

condemn

谴责

判刑/定罪

declaration

声明/宣言

申诉书

exhibit

展出

物证

hear

听见

听审

immunity

免疫力

豁免权

leave

离开

休庭

proceed

进行

起诉

report

报告

揭发

sentence

句子

判决

undo

解开

勾引/诱奸

vacation

假期

休庭期

warrant

保证

拘捕令

Apartfromthesecommonwordswithparticularlegalmeanings,therearesomearchaicwordsandwordsborrowedfromotherlanguages,whicharealsoreflectionsoftheprofessionoflegallexicons.

Borrowedwords:

wordsborrowedfromLatin,suchas:

adhoc

专门地

bonafide

真诚地

defacto

事实上的

interalia

除了别的因素以外

inre

关于

mutatismutandis

已作了必要的修订

paripassu

按相同比例

perse

自身

probono

为了公益

prorata

按比例

Inaddition,thereareagreatmanyarchaicwordsinlegalEnglishandhere-/there-/where-wordsareamongthemostfrequentlyusedones.

hereby

由此/以此/特此

hereinafter

在下文

herein

其中/在此处

hereinbefore

在上文

hereof

至此/由此

heretofore

直到此时

hereto

至此/关于这个

hereinabove

在上文

hereunder

在下面

hereunto

于是

therein

其中

thereafter

此后/据