考研英语第25套题.docx
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考研英语第25套题.docx
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考研英语第25套题
第二十五套题
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text107.8
WhenThomasButlersteppedoffaplaneinApril2002onhisreturntotheUnitedStatesfromatriptoTanzania,hesetinmotionachainofeventsthatnowthreatenstodestroyhislife.AmicrobiologistatTexasTechUniversityinLubbock,ButlerwasbringingbacksamplesoftheplaguebacteriumYersiniapestisforhisresearch.Yetonre-enteringthecountry,heisallegedtohavepassedrightbyUScustomsinspectorswithoutnotifyingthemthathewascarryingthispotentiallydeadlycargo.ThatmoveanditsconsequenceshaveledthefederalgovernmenttoprosecuteButlerforarangeofoffences.Ifconvictedonallcounts,hecouldbefinedmillionsofdollarsandspendtherestofhislifeinjail.
TheUSscientificcommunityhasleapttobutler’sdefence,arguingthathisprosecutionisoverzealous,alarmingandunnecessary.ThepresidentsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesandtheInstituteofMedicinehavewrittentoAttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroft,claimingthatthecasecouldendangerresearchintocounteringthethreatofbioterrorism.Andtheacademy’shuman-rightscommitteehasaskeditsmemberstowritelettersonButler’sbehalfandtodonatefundsforhisdefence.
ThosewhodefendButlerarguethattherulesgoverningtheimportofpathogensaresorestrictivethatbendingthemistheonlyoptionforresearcherswhoareworkingtoprovideprotectionfromdeadlydiseasesthatafflictthedevelopingworld.Why,theyask,prosecuteButlerforinfractionsofrulesthatmadehisworkmoredifficultwithoutservingausefulpurpose?
ThesupportersconsiderthatthechargelaidagainstButlermerelyreflectsthedeterminationoffederalprosecutorstothrowthebookatButlertomakeanexampleofhimtoothers.Manyresearchersnowfearfallingvictimtoanoverzealousprosecutioniftheyfailtodotallthe‘i’sandcrossallthe‘t’sontheirpaperwork.SomeUSmicrobiologistsaresofrightenedofbeinghauledoffinhandcuffsforaminoradministrativeoversightthattheyhavedecidedtoavoidbiodefenceresearchentirely—despitethecurrentfundingboominthefield.
WhetherButlerisavillainorascapegoatisnowforajurytodecide.Butwhateververdictiseventuallyreached,scientistswhoarelobbyingonButler’sbehalfwoulddowelltoconsiderpublicperceptions.Iftherulesgoverningtheimportofpathogenicbacteriamakenosense,thenmicrobiologistsmustmakethatcaseclearly,andlobbyfortheregulationstobechanged.ResearchersarealsojustifiedinmakingstatementstohelpensurethatanypunishmentthatButlermightreceiveisproportionate.
Butresearchersriskadamagingpublicprotestifthemainmessagethatemergesisthathispeersthinkhewasjustifiedincarryingsamplesoftheplaguebacteriumontoacommercialflight.Appearingtodenytheimportanceofrulesdesignedtoprotectthepublicfromdeadlypathogens—howeverunwieldythoserulesmaybeinpractice—willnotengendertrust.Itwillnotfosteracultureofresponsibility.Anditwouldshowdisregardforthepublic’sfaiththatscientificresearchwillbeconductedassafelyandascompetentlyaspossible.[525words]
1.ThomasButlerwaschargedwith.
[A]carryingprohibitedresearchmaterials
[B]handlingapotentiallydeadlysubstanceillegally
[C]posingthebioterrorismthreat
[D]shippingplaguesamplesbacktoTanzania
2.AccordingtoButler’sdefenders,theprosecutionofButlerwill.
[A]discouragethebiologicalresearch[B]loosentheimportcontrolsofpathogens
[C]punishonetowarnahundred[D]causenewpanicintheUnitedStates
3.Theexpression“throwthebookat”(Line2,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans.
[A]tomakesomeonefamousovernight[B]tofrightensomeoneverymuch
[C]tomakesomeoneascapegoat[D]topunishorcriticizesomeoneseverely
4.Theauthorbelievesthatscientistsshould.
[A]advocatefortheabolitionofimportrules[B]speakindefenseofButler’sbehavior
[C]givecarefulattentiontopublichealth[D]learnalessonfromButler’scase
5.WhoislikelytobeleastcriticalofButler?
[A]thefederalgovernment.[B]theUSscientificcommunity.
[C]theAmericanpublic.[D]USCustomsService.
Text207.8
Companies’contingencyplanningusedtoconsistoflittlemorethanduplicatingITfacilitiesincasetheirsystemswentdownorthehardwareintheirbasementwasflooded.Today,however,firmsareawarethattheyneedtothinkaboutmanymorepotentialdisruptions.Hardlyaweekgoesbywithoutanewthreat.Lastweek,thegovernmentofNewZealandissuedapandemicplanningguideforbusinesses,suggestinghowfirmsshouldprepareforanoutbreakofavianflu.Gartner,alargeITresearchfirm,hasadvisedcompaniestoconsiderwhethertheirsystemscouldcontinueifupto30%oftheirstaffweretobeabsentfromtheworkplace.
ThisweekyetanotherhurricanesweptacrossthesouthernstatesofAmerica.EverytimeaKatrina,RitaorWilmawreaksherhavoc,firmsaroundtheworldworrythatavitalsuppliermayhavebeenknockedoutoftheirincreasinglyglobalsupplychains.InarecentsurveybyHarrisInteractive,apollingfirm,andFMGlobal,anAmericanpropertyinsurer,financialexecutivesinBritainandNorthAmericasaidthatthetopthreattotheirrevenuescamenotfromterrorismornaturaldisastersdirectly,butfromabreakdownintheirsupplychain.
TheeffectonEricsson,aSwedishmobile-phonecompany,ofafireinaNewMexicochipmakingplantbelongingtotheDutchfirmPhilips,hasbecomealegend.Thefire,inMarch2000,startedbyaboltoflightning,lastedlessthan10minutes,butitcausedhavoctothesuper-cleanenvironmentthatchipmakingrequires.Ericsson,unabletofindanalternativesourceofsupply,wentontoreportalossofover$2billioninitsmobile-phonedivisionthatyear,alossthatleftitasanalso-raninanindustrywhereithadoncebeenaleader.Thelessonwasnotlostonotherfirmswithfar-flungglobalsupplychains.GeneralMotors,forexample,nowsystematicallytracksthegeographicoriginofallthebitsthatgointomakingitscars.
Thegrowthofoutsourcinghasaddedtothecomplexityoftheissue.Removingback-officebusinessservicestolow-cost(andfrequentlymorehazardous)locationsleavesfirmsvulnerabletohard-to-monitordisruptionsinthosefarawayplaces.SusirKumar,chiefexecutiveofIntelenet,anIndianoutsourcingfirmthatis50%ownedbyBritain’sBarclaysBank,saysthatIndianfirmsareinfactmorediligentaboutcontinuityplanningthanfirmsintheWest—partlybecausedisruptionstherearemorefrequent(sotheygetmorepractice),andpartlybecausecostsaresomuchlowertheycanaffordtoduplicatemorefacilities.IndianoutsourcerssaytherewaslittleconsequencefortheirclientsfromthefloodinginMumbaiinJuly.
Inabookpublishedthismonth“TheResilientEnterprise”,theauthor,givessomeguidancetofirmsthatareshyofexaminingtheserisks.“Large-scaledisruptions”,hesays,“rarelytakeplacewithoutanywarning”.Bycarefullymonitoringandanalysingnear-misses,theairlineindustryhasavoidedmanyacrash.Likewise,saysMrSheffi,“learningfromsmallincidentscanhelporganisationscorrecttheconditionsthatleadtoaccidents.”LightningcanstriketwiceinNewMexico.[527words]
6.Whatcanweinferaboutthebusinessesfromthefirstparagraph?
[A]Theyarelessworriedaboutpropertydamagethanbefore.
[B]Theywilldealwithdisruptionsonlywhentheyhappen.
[C]Theyarecontinuallyrefiningtheirbusinesscontinuityplans.
[D]Theycannotprotectthemselvesfromsuddendisruptions.
7.ManyfirmshavelearntfromthecaseofPhilipsandEricssonthat.
[A]thenegativeimpactofsupplychainbreakdownisheightened
[B]theeconomiesofdifferentcountriesarecloselyinterrelated
[C]naturaldisasterstypicallyresultinviolentdisturbance
[D]manufacturershavetodealwithunexpectedeventsregularly
8.Theword“outsourcing”(Line1,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans.
[A]buildingsimilarestablishmentsunderoneownership
[B]attractingcapitalfromoutsideinvestors
[C]obtaininggoodsorservicesfromanoutsidesupplier
[D]hiringskilledemployeesfromforeigncountries
9.Inordertobetterprepareforunplannedevents,organizationsshould.
[A]beknowledgeableaboutlarge-scaledisruptions
[B]monitorandimprovetheworkingconditions
[C]getplentyofpracticeatbusinesscontinuityplans
[D]identifypotentialrisksofthemarket
10.Thepassageismainlyabout.
[A]howtorapidlyrespondtosupplychainchanges
[B]howtomaintainbusinessasusualinunusualtimes
[C]howtogetwell-preparedforbigdisasters
[D]howtokeepthelosstoaminimum
Text307.8
Eachyear,theU.S.issuesasetnumberofH-1Bvisastoeducatedforeignprofessionalswithspecializedskills.EarlierthismonththeDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,whichadministerstheH-1Bvisaprogram,announcedthattheannualH-1Bcapof65,000alreadyhasbeenreachedfornextyear.Infact,itwasreachedinrecordtime,or14monthspriortothefiscalyearinwhichthevisaswouldbeused.
Whatthiseffectivelymeansisthatanynumberoffieldsdependentonhigh-skilledlaborcouldbefacingworkershortages:
science,medicine,engineering,computerprogramming.Italsomeansthattensofthousandsofforeigners—who’vegraduatedfromU.S.universitiesandappliedforthevisastostayhereandworkforAmericanfirms—willbeshippedhometostartcompaniesorworkforourglobalcompetitors.
CongresssetstheH-1Bcapandcouldliftitasithasdoneinthepastforshortperiods.Typically,
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