高级英语第一册第十一课翻译词典的用途究竟何在.docx
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高级英语第一册第十一课翻译词典的用途究竟何在.docx
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高级英语第一册第十一课翻译词典的用途究竟何在
高级英语第一册第十一课翻译词典的用途究竟何在(Whatisthepurposeoftranslatingthedictionaryinthetenthpartofthefirstvolume)
Thecrossbrowiscoldtothekev,bendthebowtobethewillingox.Themillsofgodgrindslowlybutsure.Dapenghasbeenworkingwiththewind,risingandrising90millionmiles.Ayear'sworkisinthespring.Ifyoudon'thaveafriend,youdon'tknowwhoyouare.Whatistheuseoftheeleventhdictionary?
(excerpts)
Bergen?
Evans
ThenewWebsterinternationaldictionaryofinternationalEnglish(thethirdedition)wasastrangephenomenonwhenitwasfirstpublishedinanumberoffamousnewspapers.Therehasneverbeensuchanunbridledattackandinsultfromsuchascholarlymasterpiece.AnarticleintheAtlanticmagazinedescribedthedictionaryas"disappointing","shocking","agreatmisfortune","shameanddisaster".TheNewYorktimespublishedamonographthatsaidthedictionarywould"speeduptheprocessofdegenerativeEnglish"andsharplycriticizedtheeditorsfortheirnegativeexpectations.JournaloftheAmericanlawyertoarguethatthedictionaryisthepublicationof"unfortunateincident","outstandingexampleoftheeditorirresponsible","aheavyblowtothestandardizationofEnglishbusiness."Thearticleinlifemagazinecalledthedictionarya"uselessseaofwords",callingit"ridiculous","awful"and"painful".Thispaper,theauthorsalsosaidtheysuspect"inwritingLincoln'sGettysburgaddresswillrefertothisdictionary.ThisviewisnotveryclearlyshowsthatLincolnwayofwriting,isthatinlifemagazinearticleishowtowrite.
Whatexactlycausedtheuproarandanger?
Publishedthisdictionaryofwheatinpublishingcompaniesmaybecalledistheworld'slargestdictionarypublishers,thecompaniessaidtheyworkforplanningthepublicationofthisdictionarycost$threemillionfivehundredthousand,mobilizedthreehundredexpertsandscholarsspent27yearsofefforttocompletethevocabularyinanylanguageintheworld'slargestthesaurus.Isitallacongame?
Sincethedifferencebetweenreputationandreputationissogreat,itisnecessarytofirstdiscussthebasicprinciplesoflexicographicwork.Whatisthemeaningofadictionary?
Whatisthetaskofadictionary?
Whatisthepurposeofthegeneralreadertocheckthedictionary?
Whatdopeoplehavetoexpectfromadictionaryafterbuyingadictionary?
Beforewegetintothebasicprinciplesoflexicographer,weneedtomaketwopoints.Thefirstthingtonoteisthatthedictionarydealswithwords.Somedictionaryinadditiontovocabularyalsooffersavarietyofotherusefulinformationon:
someconversiontable,weightsandmeasuresontheliningpageattachedsometimelineliststhemajorhistoricalevents,therearesomedictionarywithhouseholdhealthproviders.Thereisnothingwrongwiththat.ButthesurgeinEnglishvocabularyinthelast30yearshasforcedalldictionariestotrytomakespacemoreefficient.Ifwanttodeletewhatcontentfromthedictionary,reasonablemethodistodeletetheseadditionalcontentfirst,andthewordisgivenpriorityto.
Thesecondpointthatneedstobemadeisthattheprogressmadeinlexicographiccompilationoverthepastthreedecadeshasexceededthepaceofdevelopmentinautomobilemanufacturing.Can,forexample,hasbeenwidelypraisedtheWebsterinternationalEnglishdictionary(secondedition)fromthesavageattacks(1934)andthe"Webster'snewinternationaldictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage"(thirdedition)(1961)isnotsimilartothedifferencebetweenmodelsofthelaunchofthepreviousandnextyeartolaunchthedifferencebetweenthemodels,andmorelikethecarriageandthedifferencebetweencars.Intheperiodbeforethereleaseofthesecondeditionandthethirdedition,anewdisciplinerelatedtothecompilationoflexics-descriptivelinguisticswasborn.
ThefoundationofmodernlinguisticsisLeonard.ThelanguagetheoryofBloomfield(1933).BloomfieldwasaprofessorofGermanicliteratureattheuniversityofChicagoforthirteenyearsandwasaprofessoroflinguisticsatYaleuniversityfornineyears.Hewasoneofthemostgroundbreakingscholarsnotonlyofonesubject,butofthesamekind.
Theacceptedideasandwaysofdoingthingsarebynomeansacceptedblindlybythemajorityofpeople.Nowanfieldisbothlinguistsandanthropologists,hisunderstandingoflanguageisnotaccordingtothesternfranktheformationofthebasicelementsofstyle,buthadtokerry,Indiandialectsformedonthebasisofinvestigationandresearch.Themainresearchresultsofdescriptivelinguisticsareasfollows:
Alllanguagesareasystemofhumancustom,notasystemofnaturallaw.Whateverthelanguage,thefirstandmostfundamentalstepistoobserveandaccuratelyrecordtheuseoflanguageforspeakersofthelanguage.
Thepronunciation,grammarandvocabularyofeachlanguagehavedistinctivefeatures.210anylanguagecan'tthroughthelogicorfromtheperspectiveofsometheoreticalandidealisticlanguagetodescribe,norfromtheperspectiveofanyotherlanguagetodescribe,can'tevenuseitsearlyformstodescribe.
Alllanguagesaredeveloped,notstatic.Therefore,the"rules"ofanylanguagecanonlyaccountforitscurrentusage.Therulechangesarefrequent-andnormal.
4.The"correctness"oflanguageusecanonlybejudgedbyusage,forthesimplereasonthatthereisnoothercriterion.Andallusageisrelative.Accordingtotheseviewsshouldbeabletoconcludethatadictionaryonlywhenitcancomprehensivelyandaccuratelydescribedthecurrentusageofwordsisagooddictionary,andtodocomprehensive,itmustcontaindescriptionsofsomeaspectssuchassocialandregionalsituation.
7peopleneednewdictionariesbecauseEnglishhaschangedmoreinthepasttwogenerationsthaneverbefore.Anewdictionarymustadaptyourselftothefollowing:
theconditionoftheneweraofcultureandscienceandtechnologybyleapsandbounds,thetwoworldwars,thedevelopmentoftransportationandcommunicationofenormouschangeandmigrationonanunprecedentedscale.
Moresubtle,butitisverycommon,thepopularizationofeducationandthedevelopmentofdemocracyalsobringsomeimpacttotheEnglish,thenumberofuseofwrittenEnglishduetotherapidgrowthandanunprecedentednumberofreasons,Englishhastendedtobemorepractical,morepopular.EverybookpublishedintheUnitedStatestodayhassomepagesthatseemtobefullofnonsenseandnonsense.Butinfacttheyarenotmeaninglessgibberish.Theirexistencemerelyindicatesthatwecannotusethelanguageofthepreviousgenerationasatemplateforthenextgenerationtofollow.
It'snotthatyoushouldn'tdoit,it'sthatyoucan'tdoit.Lifemagazine,forexample,haspublishedaneditorialinacertainperiod,itisdeclaredtoWebsterinternationalEnglishdictionary(secondedition),canbeinthisissueofthejournallifehasappearedmorethanfortyinthethirdeditionofwasnotseeninthesecondeditionofvocabulary,structureandmeaning.ThefirsteditionoftheNewYorktimescalledthesecondversionofitsstaunchsupport,whilethethirdwasahoaxandahoax.CanthisissueoftheNewYorktimes,butintheonehundredandfifty-threeincludedinthethirdedition,butnotinthesecondeditionofthewords,phrasesandsyntaxstructure,alsowiththe19werecondemnedbythesecondeditionofthewords.Thesewordsandphraseshavebeenrepeatedmanytimes,sotherearemorethanthreehundredsuchwordsintheNewYorktimes.TheWashingtonpostinanarticletitled"keepyouroldWebster's"editorial,beginsthefirstwordshesaid,"don'tthrowitaway(don'tthrowitaway),"thesecondsentenceandhesaid,"hangontoit(hug)it".However,intheoldmerriam-websterdictionary,don'tislabeledcolloquialusage,whilethemeaningof"hangonto"isnotincluded.
Inaword,
Allofthearticlesinthesenewspaperswerewritteninthethirdeditionofthelanguage,andeventheeditorialsthatattackedthethirdeditionwerenoexception.It'snocoincidence,becausethethirdeditionisnotconcludeanynewlanguageusestandard,itismerelyto"life",andtheWashingtonpostandtheNewYorktimesandothernewspapersandtheuseoflanguagetodescribe.Manyofthedictionary'scontentisbasedonthesenewspapers,especiallytheNewYorktimes,whichprovidesmoreexamplesofthedictionarythananyothernewspaper.
Thesenewspapershavenochoice.Anynewspapertoday,ifitlimitsitselftoonlytheAmericanlanguageof28yearsago,itmaynotbeabletosellasingleissue;Itcan'teventalkaboutthethingswecareabout;Itsstylemustberigidandinflexible.Ifthethirdversionoftheeditorialcommentwasn'tkidding-aswellastheshareholdersofnewspaperreaders-thereisareasontoappreciatethesenewspaperwriter,theirculturallevelishigherthaneditormasters.Let'sreturntothequestionofthediscussion:
whatistheuseofadictionary?
Howcanadictionarycarryoutitsmissionmosteffectivelyin1962?
Therequirementsaresimple.Thepurposeofthegeneralreaderistofindoutthespelling,pronunciation,meaningandproperuseofwords.Hewantstoknowwhatisuniversalandwhatisright.Hewantedtoknow-healsohadtherighttoknow-therealsituation,theabsolutetruth.Accountforanylanguage,however,isespeciallytrueintoday'sAmericanEnglish,manylanguagephenomenonisimpossibletosayexactlyunderstand,andtoosimplisticandeasytocausemisunderstanding.
Thedictionarycannotgiveanabsoluteauthoritativeaccounteveninthemoredefinitivequestionofspelling.Theater'sspellingiscorrect,buttheatreisequallycorrect.Similarsituationsincludetraveled
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