Emily Dickinson.docx
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Emily Dickinson.docx
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EmilyDickinson
EmilyDickinson
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FromthedaguerreotypetakenatMountHolyoke,December1846orearly1847.TheonlyauthenticatedportraitofEmilyDickinsonlaterthanchildhood,theoriginalisheldbytheArchivesandSpecialCollectionsatAmherstCollege.[1]
EmilyElizabethDickinson(December10,1830–May15,1886)wasanAmericanpoet.BorninAmherst,Massachusetts,toasuccessfulfamilywithstrongcommunityties,shelivedamostlyintrovertedandreclusivelife.AftershestudiedattheAmherstAcademyforsevenyearsinheryouth,shespentashorttimeatMountHolyokeFemaleSeminarybeforereturningtoherfamily'shouseinAmherst.Thoughtofasaneccentricbythelocals,shebecameknownforherpenchantforwhiteclothingandherreluctancetogreetguestsor,laterinlife,evenleaveherroom.Mostofherfriendshipswerethereforecarriedoutbycorrespondence.
AlthoughDickinsonwasaprolificprivatepoet,fewerthanadozenofhernearlyeighteenhundredpoemswerepublishedduringherlifetime.[2]Theworkthatwaspublishedduringherlifetimewasusuallyalteredsignificantlybythepublisherstofittheconventionalpoeticrulesofthetime.Dickinson'spoemsareuniquefortheerainwhichshewrote;theycontainshortlines,typicallylacktitles,andoftenuseslantrhymeaswellasunconventionalcapitalizationandpunctuation.[3]Manyofherpoemsdealwiththemesofdeathandimmortality,tworecurringtopicsinletterstoherfriends.
AlthoughmostofheracquaintanceswereprobablyawareofDickinson'swriting,itwasnotuntilafterherdeathin1886—whenLavinia,Emily'syoungersister,discoveredhercacheofpoems—thatthebreadthofDickinson'sworkbecameapparent.Herfirstcollectionofpoetrywaspublishedin1890bypersonalacquaintancesThomasWentworthHigginsonandMabelLoomisTodd,bothofwhomheavilyeditedthecontent.Acompleteandmostlyunalteredcollectionofherpoetrybecameavailableforthefirsttimein1955whenThePoemsofEmilyDickinsonwaspublishedbyscholarThomasH.Johnson.Despiteunfavorablereviewsandskepticismofherliteraryprowessduringthelate19thandearly20thcentury,criticsnowconsiderDickinsontobeamajorAmericanpoet.[4]
Contents
[hide]
∙1Life
o1.1Familyandearlychildhood
o1.2Teenageyears
o1.3Earlyinfluencesandwriting
o1.4Adulthoodandseclusion
o1.5Is"myVerse...alive?
"
o1.6Thewomaninwhite
o1.7Posiesandpoesies
o1.8Laterlife
o1.9Declineanddeath
∙2Publication
o2.1Contemporary
o2.2Posthumous
∙3Poetry
o3.1Structureandsyntax
o3.2Majorthemes
o3.3Reception
o3.4Legacy
∙4References
o4.1Notes
o4.2Editionsofpoetry
o4.3Secondarysources
∙5Externallinks
Life
Familyandearlychildhood
AdrawingoftheyoungEmilyDickinson,agenine.ItwasmadefromaportraitfeaturingEmily,AustinandLaviniaaschildren.
EmilyElizabethDickinsonwasbornatthefamily'shomesteadinAmherst,Massachusetts,onDecember10,1830,intoaprominent,butnotopulent,family.[5]Twohundredyearsearlier,theDickinsonshadarrivedintheNewWorld—inthePuritanGreatMigration—wheretheyprospered.[6]EmilyDickinson'spaternalgrandfather,SamuelDickinson,hadalmostsingle-handedlyfoundedAmherstCollege.[7]In1813hebuiltthehomestead,alargemansiononthetown'sMainStreet,thatbecamethefocusofDickinsonfamilylifeforthebetterpartofacentury.[8]SamuelDickinson'seldestson,Edward,wastreasurerofAmherstCollegefornearlyfortyyears,servednumeroustermsasaStateLegislator,andrepresentedtheHampshiredistrictintheUnitedStatesCongress.OnMay6,1828,hemarriedEmilyNorcrossfromMonson.Theyhadthreechildren:
∙WilliamAustin(1829–1895),knownasAustin,AustorAwe;
∙EmilyElizabeth;and
∙LaviniaNorcross(1833–1899),knownasLaviniaorVinnie.[9]
Byallaccounts,youngEmilywasawell-behavedgirl.OnanextendedvisittoMonsonwhenshewastwo,Emily'sAuntLaviniadescribedEmilyas"perfectlywell&contented—Sheisaverygoodchild&butlittletrouble."[10]Emily'sauntalsonotedthegirl'saffinityformusicandherparticulartalentforthepiano,whichshecalled"themoosic".[11]
Dickinsonattendedprimaryschoolinatwo-storybuildingonPleasantStreet.[12]Hereducationwas"ambitiouslyclassicalforaVictoriangirl".[13]Herfatherwantedhischildrenwell-educatedandhefollowedtheirprogressevenwhileawayonbusiness.WhenEmilywasseven,hewrotehome,remindinghischildrento"keepschool,andlearn,soastotellme,whenIcomehome,howmanynewthingsyouhavelearned".[14]WhileEmilyconsistentlydescribedherfatherinawarmmanner,hercorrespondencesuggeststhathermotherwasregularlycoldandaloof.Inalettertoaconfidante,Emilywroteshe"alwaysranHometoAwe[Austin]whenachild,ifanythingbefellme.HewasanawfulMother,butIlikedhimbetterthannone."[15]
OnSeptember7,1840,DickinsonandhersisterLaviniastartedtogetheratAmherstAcademy,aformerboys'schoolthathadopenedtofemalestudentsjusttwoyearsearlier.[12]Ataboutthesametime,herfatherpurchasedahouseonNorthPleasantStreet.[16]Emily'sbrotherAustinlaterdescribedthislargenewhomeasthe"mansion"overwhichheandEmilypresidedas"lordandlady"whiletheirparentswereabsent.[17]ThehouseoverlookedAmherst'sburialground,describedbyonelocalministerastreelessand"forbidding".[16]
Teenageyears
TheyshutmeupinProse–
AswhenalittleGirl
TheyputmeintheCloset–
Becausetheylikedme"still"–
Still!
Couldthemselfhavepeeped–
AndseenmyBrain–goround–
TheymightaswisehavelodgedaBird
ForTreason–inthePound–
EmilyDickinson,c.1862[18]
DickinsonspentsevenyearsattheAcademy,takingclassesinEnglishandclassicalliterature,Latin,botany,geology,history,"mentalphilosophy,"andarithmetic.[19]Shehadafewtermsoffduetoillness:
thelongestabsencewasin1845–1846,whenshewasonlyenrolledforelevenweeks.[20]
Dickinsonwastroubledfromayoungagebythe"deepeningmenace"ofdeath,especiallythedeathsofthosewhowereclosetoher.WhenSophiaHolland,hersecondcousinandaclosefriend,grewillfromtyphusanddiedinApril,1844,Emilywastraumatized.[21]Recallingtheincidenttwoyearslater,Emilywrotethat"itseemedtomeIshoulddietooifIcouldnotbepermittedtowatchoverherorevenlookatherface."[22]ShebecamesomelancholicthatherparentssenthertostaywithfamilyinBostontorecover.[23]Withherhealthandspiritsrestored,shesoonreturnedtoAmherstAcademytocontinueherstudies.[24]Duringthisperiod,shefirstmetpeoplewhoweretobecomelifelongfriendsandcorrespondents,suchasAbiahRoot,AbbyWood,JaneHumphrey,andSusanHuntingtonGilbert(wholatermarriedEmily'sbrotherAustin).
In1845,areligiousrevivaltookplaceinAmherst,resultingin46confessionsoffaithamongDickinson'speers.[25]Dickinsonwrotetoafriendthefollowingyear:
"IneverenjoyedsuchperfectpeaceandhappinessastheshorttimeinwhichIfeltIhadfoundmysavior."[26]Shewentontosaythatitwasher"greatestpleasuretocommunealonewiththegreatGod&tofeelthathewouldlistentomyprayers".[26]Theexperiencedidnotlast:
Dickinsonnevermadeaformaldeclarationoffaithandattendedservicesregularlyforonlyafewyears.[27]Afterherchurch-goingended,about1852,shewroteapoemopening:
"SomekeeptheSabbathgoingtoChurch–/Ikeepit,stayingatHome".[28]
DuringthelastyearofherstayattheAcademy,EmilybecamefriendlywithLeonardHumphrey,itspopularnewyoungprincipal.AfterfinishingherfinaltermattheAcademyonAugust10,1847,DickinsonbeganattendingMaryLyon'sMountHolyokeFemaleSeminary(whichlaterbecameMountHolyokeCollege)inSouthHadley,abouttenmiles(16 km)fromAmherst.[29]Shewasattheseminaryforonlytenmonths.AlthoughshelikedthegirlsatHolyoke,Dickinsonmadenolastingfriendshipsthere.[30]TheexplanationsforherbriefstayatHolyokedifferconsiderably:
eithershewasinpoorhealth,herfatherwantedtohaveherathome,sherebelledagainsttheevangelicalfervorpresentattheschool,shedislikedthediscipline-mindedteachers,orshewassimplyhomesick.[31]WhateverthespecificreasonforleavingHolyoke,herbrotherAustinappearedonMarch25,1848,to"bring[her]homeatallevents".[32]BackinAmherst,Dickinsonoccupiedhertimewithhouseholdactivities.[33]Shetookupbakingforthefamilyandenjoyedattendinglocaleventsandactivitiesinthebuddingcollegetown.[34]
Earlyinfluencesandwriting
Whenshewaseighteen,Dickinson'sfamilybefriendedayoungattorneybythenameofBenjaminFranklinNewton.AccordingtoaletterwrittenbyDickinsonafterNewton'sdeath,hehadbeen"withmyFathertwoyears,beforegoingtoWorcester–inpursuinghisstudies,andwasmuchinourfamily."[35]Althoughtheirrelationshipwasprobablynotromantic,Newtonwasaformativeinfluenceandwouldbecomethesecondinaseriesofoldermen(afterHumphrey)thatDickinsonreferredto,variously,ashertutor,preceptorormaster.[36]
NewtonlikelyintroducedhertothewritingsofWilliamWordsworth,andhisgifttoherofRalphWaldoEmerson'sfirstbookofcollectedpoemshadaliberatingeffect.Shewrotelaterthathe,"whosenamemyFather'sLawStudenttaughtme,hastouchedthesecretSpring".[37]Newtonheldherinhighregard,believinginandrecognizingherasapoet.Whenhewasdyingoftuberculosis,hewrotetoher,sayingthathewouldliketoliveuntilsheachievedthegreatnessheforesaw.[37]Bio
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