翻译资格《笔译实务》英译汉习题及答案卷一docx.docx
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翻译资格《笔译实务》英译汉习题及答案卷一docx.docx
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翻译资格《笔译实务》英译汉习题及答案卷一docx
2021年翻译资格《笔译实务》英译汉习题及答案(卷一)
OldpeopleinWidouThiengolysaytheycanrememberwhenthereweresomanytreesthatyoucouldn,tseethesky.Now,milesofreddish-brownsandsurroundthisvillageinnorthwesternSenegal,dottedwithoccasionalbushesandtrees.Driedanimaldungisscatteredeverywhere,buthardlyanydriedgrassis.
OvergrazingandclimatechangearethemajorcausesoftheSahara'sadvance,saidGillesBoetsch,ananthropologistwhodirectsateamofFrenchscientistsworkingwithSenegaleseresearchersintheregion."ThelocalPeulpeopleareherders,oftennomadic.Butthepressureoftheherdsonthelandhasbecometoogreat,"Mr.Boetschsaidinaninterview."Thevegetationcan'tregenerateitself."
Since2008,however,Senegalhasbeenfightingbackagainsttheencroachingdesert.Eachyearithasplantedsometwomillionseedlingtreesalonga545-kilometer,or340-mile,ribbonoflandthatisthecountry'ssegmentofamajorpan-Africanregenerationproject,theGreatGreenWall.Firstproposedin2005,theprogramlinksSenegaland10otherSaharanstatesinanalliancetoplanta15kilometer-wide,7,100-kilometer-longgreenbelttofendoffthedesert.Whilemanycountrieshavestilltostartontheirsectionsofthebarrier,Senegalhastakenthelead,withthecreationofaNationalAgencyfortheGreat
GreenWall.
"Thissemi-aridregionisbecominglessandlesshabitable.Wewanttomakeitpossibleforpeopletocontinuetolivehere,"Col.PapSarr,theagency'stechnicaldirector,saidinaninterviewhere.ColonelSarrhasforgedworkingalliancesbetweenSenegaleseresearchersandtheFrenchteamheadedbyMr.Boetsch,infieldsasvariedassoilmicrobiology,ecology,medicineandanthropology.TnSenegalwehopetoexperimentwithdifferentwaysofdoingthingsthatwillbenefittheothercountriesastheybecomemoreactive,"thecolonelsaid.Eachyearsince2008,fromMaytoJune,about400peopleareemployedineightnurseries,choosingandoverseeinggerminationofseedsandtendingtheseedlingsuntiltheyarereadyforplanting.InAugust,1,000peoplearemobilizedtoplantoutrowsofseedlings,about2millionplants,allowingthemafulltwomonthsoftherainyseasontotakerootbeforethelong,dryseasonsetsin.
Aftertheirfirstdryseason,thesaplingslookdead,browntwigsstickingoutofholesintheground,but80percentsurvive.Sixyearson,treesplantedin2008areuptothreemeters,or10feet,tall.Sofar,30,000hectares,orabout75,000acres,havebeenplanted,including4,000hectaresthissummer.Therearealreadydiscernibleimpactsonthemicroclimate,saidJean-LucPeiry,aphysicalgeographyprofessorattheUniversiteBlaisePascalinClermont-Ferrand,France,whohasplaced30sensorstorecordtemperaturesinsomeplantedparcels.
uPreliminaryresultsshowthatclumpsoffourtoeightsmalltreescanhaveanimportantimpactontemperature,"ProfessorPeirysaidinaninterview."Thetranspirationofthetreescreatesamicroclimatethatmoderatesdailytemperatureextremes.""Thetreesalsohaveanimportantroleinslowingthesoilerosioncausedbythewind,reducingthedust,andactinglikealargeroughdoormat,haltingthesand-ladenwindsfromtheSahara,"headded.Wildlifeisrespondingtothechanges.
uMigratorybirdsarereappearing,"Mr.Boetschsaid.
Theprojectuseseightgroundwaterpumpingstationsbuiltin1954,beforeSenegalachieveditsindependencefromFrancein1960.Thepumpsfillgiantbasinsthatprovidewaterforanimals,treenurseriesandgardenswherefruitandvegetablesaregrown.
健康是促进人的全面发展的必要求。
提高人民健康水平,实现病有所医的理想,是人类社会的共同追求。
在中国这个有着13亿多人口的发展中大国,医疗卫生关系亿万人民健康,是一个重大民生问题。
中国高度重视保护和增进人民健康。
宪法规定,国家发展医疗卫生事业,发展现代医药和传统医药,保护人民健康。
多年来,中国坚持“以农村为重点,预防为主,中西医并重,依靠科技与教育,动员全社会参与,为人民健康服务,为社会主义现代化建设服务”的卫生工作方针,努力发展具有中国特色的医疗卫生事业。
经过不懈努力,覆盖城乡的医疗卫生服务体系基本形成,疾病防治能力不断增强,医疗保障覆盖人口逐步扩大,卫生科技水平日益提高,居民健康水平明显改善。
随着中国工业化、城市化进程和人口老龄化趋势的加快,居民健康面临着传染病和慢性病的双重威胁,公众对医疗卫生服务的需求日益提高。
与此同时,中国卫生资源特别是优质资源短缺、分布不均衡的矛盾依然存在,医疗卫生事业改革与发展的任务十分艰巨。
Itwasjustonewordinoneemail,butittriggeredhugefinanciallossesforamultinationalcompany.
Themessage,writteninEnglish,wassentbyanativespeakertoacolleagueforwhomEnglishwasasecondlanguage.Unsureoftheword,therecipientfoundtwocontradictorymeaningsinhisdictionary.Heactedonthewrongone.
Monthslater,seniormanagementinvestigatedwhytheprojecthadflopped,costinghundredsofthousandsofdollars."Italltracedbacktothisoneword,"saysChiaSuanChong,aUK-basedcommunicationsskillsandinterculturaltrainer,whodidn'trevealthetrickywordbecauseitishighlyindustry-specificandpossiblyidentifiable.uThingsspiralledoutofcontrolbecausebothpartieswerethinkingtheopposite."
Whensuchmisunderstandingshappen,it'susuallythenativespeakerswhoaretoblame.Ironically,theyareworseatdeliveringtheirmessagethanpeoplewhospeakEnglishasasecondorthirdlanguage,accordingtoChong.
AlotofnativespeakersarehappythatEnglishhasbecometheworld?
sgloballanguage.Theyfeeltheydon'thavetospendtimelearninganotherlanguage,"saysChong.
Thenon-nativespeakers,itturnsout,speakmorepurposefullyandcarefully,typicalofsomeonespeakingasecondorthirdlanguage.Anglophones,ontheotherhand,oftentalktoofastforotherstofollow,andusejokes,slangandreferencesspecifictotheirownculture,saysChong.
"ThenativeEnglishspeaker••-istheonlyonewhomightnotfeeltheneedtoaccommodateoradapttotheothers,"sheadds.
Withnon-nativeEnglishspeakersinthemajorityworldwide,it'sAnglophoneswhomayneedtouptheirgame.
uNativespeakersareatadisadvantagewhenyouareinalinguafrancasituation,"whereEnglishisbeingusedasacommondenominator,saysJenniferJenkins,professorofglobalEnglishesattheUK'sUniversityofSouthampton."It'sthenativeEnglishspeakersthatarehavingdifficultyunderstandingandmakingthemselvesunderstood."
Non-nativespeakersgenerallyusemorelimitedvocabularyandsimplerexpressions,withoutflowerylanguageorslang.Andthenthere'sculturalstyle,Blattnersays.WhenaBritreactstoaproposalbysaying,"That'sinteresting"afellowBritmightrecognisethisasunderstatementfor,"That'srubbish."Butothernationalitieswouldtaketheworduinterestingnonfacevalue,hesays.
uEnglishspeakerswithnootherlanguageoftenhavealackofawarenessofhowtospeakEnglishinternationally.
InBerlin,CoultersawGermanstaffofaFortune500companybeingbriefedfromtheirCalifornianHQviavideolink.DespitebeingcompetentinEnglish,theGermansgleanedonlythegistofwhattheirAmericanprojectleadersaid.Soamongthemselvestheycameupwithanagreedversion,whichmightormightnothavebeenwhatwasintendedbytheCaliforniastaff.
"Toomanynon-Anglophones,especiallytheAsiansandtheFrench,aretooconcernedaboutnot'losingface'—andnodapprovinglywhilenotgettingthemessageatall,"hesays.
That'swhyNerrieredevisedGlobish——adistilledformofEnglish,strippeddownto1,500wordsandsimplebutstandardgrammar."It'snotalanguage,it'satool,"hesays.SincelaunchingGlobishin2004he'ssoldmorethan200,000Globishtextbooksin18languages.
"Ifyoucancommunicateefficientlywithlimited,simplelanguageyousavetime,avoidmisinterpretationandyoudon,thaveerrorsincommunication,"Nerrieresays.
WhentryingtocommunicateinEnglishwithagroupofpeoplewithvaryinglevelsoffluency,it'simportanttobereceptiveandadaptable,tuningyourearsintoawholerangeofdifferentwaysofusingEnglish,Jenkinssays.
"Peoplewho'velearnedotherlanguagesaregoodatdoingthat,butnativespeakersofEnglishgenerallyaremonolingualandnotverygoodattuningintolanguagevariation,"shesays.
Inmeetings,Anglophonestendtospeedalongatwhattheyconsideranormalpace,andalsorushtofillgapsinconversation,accordingtoSteggles.
Herecommendsmakingthesamepointinacoupleofdifferentwaysandaskingforsomeacknowledgement,reactionoraction.
气候变化已不是单纯的环境保护问题,而成为人类生存与发展问题。
中国需要改变以煤为主的能源结构和高污染、高能耗的产业结构,以治理环境和应对全球气候变化。
同时,积极应对气候变化也是中国参与全球治理的责任,也是实现可持续发展的迫切需要。
中国作为世界最大的发展中国家,需要积极推动经济与能源的转型,以推动全球可持续发展。
长期以来,中国高度重视气候变化问题,把积极应对气候变化作为国家经济社会发展的重大战略,把绿色低碳发展作为生态文明建设的重要内容,采取了一系列行动,为应对全球气候变化做出了重要贡献。
到2020年单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降
40%-45%,非化石能源占一次能源消费总量的比重达到15%,森林面积比2005年增加4000万公顷,森林蓄积量2005年增加13亿立方米。
中国还将在农业、林业、水资源等重点领域和城市、沿海、生态脆弱地区形成有效抵御气候变化风险的机制,提高抵抗能力。
AllLucianoFaggianowantedwhenhepurchasedtheseeminglyunremarkablebuildingat56ViaAscanioGrandi,wastoopenarestaurant.Theonlyproblemwasthetoilet.Sewagekeptbackingup.SoMr.Faggianoenlistedhistwooldersonstohelphimdigatrenchandinvestigate.Hepredictedthejobwouldtakeaboutaweek."Wefoundundergroundcorridorsandotherrooms,sowekeptdigging,"saidMr.Faggiano,60.Hissearchforasewagepipe,whichbeganin2000,becameonefamily,staleofdiscovery.
LeccewasonceacriticalcrossroadsintheMediterranean.SeveroMartini,amemberoftheCityCouncil,saidarchaeologicalrelicsturnuponaregularbasis一andcanpresentaheadacheforurbanplanning.AprojecttobuildashoppingmallhadtoberedesignedafterthediscoveryofanancientRomantemplebeneaththesiteofaplannedparkinglot.
Oneweekquicklypassed,asfatherandsonsdiscoveredatomboftheMessapians,wholivedintheregioncenturiesbeforethebirthofJesus.Soon,thefamilydiscoveredachamberusedtostoregrainbytheancientRomans.
Ifthishistoryonlylaterbecameclear,whatwasimmediatelyobviouswasthatfindingthepipewouldbeamuchbiggerprojectthan
Mr.Faggia
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