英语六级阅读理解模拟.docx
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英语六级阅读理解模拟.docx
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英语六级阅读理解模拟
一、TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.
Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaeconomicsystem.
Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
1.InPara.1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means___.
A.Americansneverfeelsatisfiedwiththeirincomes.
B.Americanstendtooverstatetheamountoftheirincomes.
C.Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased.
D.Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes.
2.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphclaritytheideatousthat___.
A.producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction.
B.consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers.
C.producersdecidethepricesofproducts.
D.supplyanddemandregulateprices.
3.Theword“embraces”inPara.3probablyparallels___.
A.enfold B.hugC.comprehendD.support
4.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby___.
A.privatepropertyandrightsconcerned.
B.manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol.
C.ownershipofproductiveresources
D.freecontractsandprices.
5.Thepassageismainlytalkingabout___.
A.howAmericangoodsareproduced.
B.howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods.
C.howAmericaneconomicsystemworks.
D.howAmericanbusinessmanmaketheirprofits.
答案:
DDCAC
二、Therearevariouswaysinwhichindividualeconomicunitscaninteractwithoneanother.Threebasicwaysmaybedescribedasthemarketsystem,theadministeredsystem,andthetraditionalsystem.
Inamarketsystemindividualeconomicunitsarefreetointeractamongeachotherinthemarketplace.Itispossibletobuycommoditiesfromothereconomicunitsorsellcommoditiestothem.Inamarket,transactionsmaytakeplaceviabarterormoneyexchange.Inabartereconomy,realgoodssuchasautomobiles,shoes,andpizzasaretradedagainsteachother.Obviously,findingsomebodywhowantstotrademyoldcarinexchangeforasailboatmaynotalwaysbeaneasytask.Hence,theintroductionofmoneyasamediumofexchangeeasestransactionsconsiderably.Inthemodernmarketeconomy,goodsandservicesareboughtorsoldformoney.
Analternativetothemarketsystemisadministrativecontrolbysomeagencyoveralltransactions.Thisagencywillissueedictsorcommandsastohowmuchofeachgoodandserviceshouldbeproduced,exchanged,andconsumedbyeacheconomicunit.Centralplanningmaybeonewayofadministeringsuchaneconomy.Thecentralplan,drawnupbythegovernment,showstheamountsofeachcommodityproducedbythevariousfirmsandallocatedtodifferenthouseholdsforconsumption.Thisisanexampleofcompleteplanningofproduction,consumption,andexchangeforthewholeeconomy.
Inatraditionalsociety,productionandconsumptionpatternsaregovernedbytradition;everyperson‘splacewithintheeconomicsystemisfixedbyparentage,religion,andcustom.Transactionstakeplaceonthebasisoftradition,too.Peoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcastemayhaveanobligationtocareforotherpersons,providethemwithfoodandshelter,carefortheirhealth,andprovidefortheireducation.Clearly,inasystemwhereeverydecisionismadeonthebasisoftraditionalone,progressmaybedifficulttoachieve.Astagnantsocietymayresult.
1.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?
A.Tooutlinecontrastingtypesofeconomicsystems.
B.Toexplainthescienceofeconomics.
C.Toargueforthesuperiorityofoneeconomicsystem.
D.Tocomparebarterandmoney-exchangemarkets.
2.Inthesecondparagraph,theword“real”in“realgoods”couldbestbereplacedby___,
A.highqualityB.concreteC.utter D.authentic.
3.Accordingtothepassage,abartereconomycangenerate___.
A.rapidspeedoftransactions.B.misunderstandings.
C.inflationD.difficultiesforthetraders.
4.Accordingtothepassage,whohasthegreatestdegreeofcontrolintheadministeredsystem?
A.IndividualhouseholdsB.Smallbusinesses.
C.Majorcorporations.D.Thegovernment.
5.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedbytheauthorasacriterionfordeterminingaperson‘spositioninatraditionalsociety?
A.FamilybackgroundB.Age C.Religiousbeliefs. D.Custom
答案:
ABDDB
三、WesternairlinermanufacturersseemtobetrippingoverthemselvesintheireagernesstosigncollaborativeagreementswithAsianpartnersasalow-costroutetodevelopingnewairliners.TheirpotentialAsianpartnersseemtobetrippingoverthemselvestosignsuchagreements,asalow-costroutetoacquiringnewairlinertechnology.Iftheyarenotcarefulthetwosideswillenduptrippingovereachother:
theonebysellingitsbirth-rightforshort-termgain,theotherbytryingtobreakintoamarketwhichisn‘tbigenoughtosustainit.
Technologytransferworksinagrowingmarket,wheretheaspirationsofthenewentrantreceivingthattechnologycanbemetthroughexpansion.Theairlinermarketisnotsuchadevice.
Eventhemostoptimisticprojectionsofairlinersalesforthenext20yearsshowthatairlinermanufacturecanonlybeprofitableifasmallnumberofaircraftbuilderssharetheavailablesales.Itfollowsthatifnewmanufacturerscomeintothemarketandtakesales,theirsalesmustcomefromsubstitution,notexpansion.
Giventhecomplexityoftoday‘sairliners,itisunlikelythatanynewentrantwillhaveboththefinancialandtechnicalresourcestocomeintothemarketwithouttheinvolvementofanestablishedmanufacturer.Intheshortterm,suchinvolvementmaynotbetotheexclusivebenefitofthenewentrant:
mostoftheestablishedmanufacturersaresearchingforwaystoreducecostsofmanufacture.
Intheshortterm,itcanbeofbenefittoanestablishedWesternmanufacturertohaveeithercomponentsofcompleteair–framesmadeorassembledinlower-wageeconomicssuchaChina,TaiwanorKorea,whileretainingthedesign,developmentandmarketingofaircraftforitself.ItwouldbeaveryunwiseWesternmanufacturerwhichdidnotheedthefactthatthesedevelopingeconomiesareacquiringskills(likecomputing)atleastasquicklyastheyareacquiringskillsinmetallbashing.
ThedangercomeswhenthenewentrantnolongerneedstheestablishedWesternpartnerbecauseithasacquiredthetechnicalandintellectualabilitytodesignandbuilditsownaircraft.AnAsianpartnermaywellfinditselfinthehappypositionofhavingthelow-costlabourbase,thehigh-costtechnologybaseandthevitalfinancialbasetobuildanewairliner.
1.Theauthor‘sattitudetowardsWestern/easterncollaborationcanbedepictedas________.
A.positive B.progressive C.conservative D.negative
2.“Theairlinermarketisnotsuchadevice”meansthattheairlinermarket_______.
A.doesnotencouragetechnologytransfer
B.istoolimitedtoofferchancesofsuccess
C.requireshi-techratherthanunaccepteddevices
D.isfullofcompetitionsevenfornewentrants
3.Establishedmanufacturerssearchforpartnersinorderto_______.
A.savethecostoftheairframe B.improvesomeaircraftcomponents
C.savethecostoflabour D.developnewtechnology
4.Accordingtotheauthor,awiseestablishedmanufacturershould_____
A.trytobenefitfrombothfinancialandtechnicalresources
B.breakuphispartnershipwiththeEastonceprofitsaremade
C.keepatighttoldoverhi-techdevelopmentandmarketingofairliners
D.collaboratewithAsianpartnersforashorttime
5.Theword“base”inthelastparagraphrepresents_______.
A.aproductionplace B.theinitialoperationofbuildingaircraft
C.aresearchinstitute D.apositionwheretostartbuilding
答案:
CDADA
四、Isitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwar?
Warisanancientinstitution,whichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwaysbadandusuallyfoolish,
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