Intercultural Communication Knowledge Review Version 2.docx

Intercultural Communication Knowledge Review Version 2.docx

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InterculturalCommunicationKnowledgeReviewVersion2

InternationalCommunicationCulture（ICC）Review

Unit1

InterculturalCommunication:

thecommunicationbetweentwo,whocomesfromdifferentcountries.

Suggestion:

learnmoreaboutothercountry’sbackground;developnewskillsorthinkinghabits;tobeconfidenttoshowyourself.

Culture:

agroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.

E.g.westernculture

Stereotype:

verybroadgeneralizationsorafixedgeneralimage.

E.g.Britishpeoplearepolite.

Description:

juststatesthefacts.

E.g.thereisalargepopulationinChina.

Evaluation:

includesajudgment.

E.g.Americansarerichbecauseeverypeoplehaveacar.

PS:

Differencebetweenadescriptionandanevaluation

1.Definitiondifference:

Adescriptionstatesthefacts,whileanevaluationincludesajudgment

2.Example:

Description:

Americanstendtoaddresseachotherbyfirstnamesinanorganization.

Evaluation:

Americansaredisrespectfulofageandstatus.

Unit2

Interpretation:

theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.

E.g.WhenLeetriestounderstandwhythetaxidriveraskedforsomuchmoney,shewasinterpretingthedriver’sbehavior.

Suggestion:

●Guessanduseyourimaginationbecauseyouneedinterpretquickly,getintothehabitofconsciouslynoticingthatyouareenteringaninterculturalencounter;

●Getintothehabitofinterpretinginterculturalcommunicatormoreslowly;

●Getintothehabitofthinkingmoreconsciouslyandcarefullyaboutthesituation

Individualistculture:

oneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandtoemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.

E.g.Countriestendtobeindividualist:

UnitedStates,Australia,GreatBritain,Canada,NetherlandsandNewZealand（Westernculturetendtobeindividualist.）

Featuresofindividualistculture:

1.Westernpeopletendtobelievethatpeopleshouldrelyonthemselvesasmuchaspossible,andtheyexpectotherstodothesame.

Example:

After18yearsold,mostAmericansareresponsiblefortheircollegetuitionandfees.

2.Westernersgenerallyfeelthattherightsofindividualsshouldnotbesubordinatedtotheneedsofalargegroup,oratleastthatindividualsshouldhavetherighttodecideforthemselveswhethertosacrificetheirpersonalbenefitforthesakeofthegroup.

Example:

Westernersfeelthattheindividual’srighttoprivacyisveryimportant,sogovernmentshouldnotbeallowedtokeepdetailedfilesofpersonalinformationaboutpeople.

3.Westernersareusuallynotverywillingtoacceptresponsibilityforsomethinganothermemberoftheirgrouphasdone,evenifthatotherpersonisaclosefamilymember.

Example:

Ifonewesternercommitsacrime,otherfamilymembersandfriendswouldnotnecessarilyfeeltheyhadanyresponsibilityforthatperson’sactions.

4.Westernerstendtoviewindividualismasagoodthing.InEnglish,theword“individualist”issomewhatpositive.

Collectivistculture:

oneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroupslikefamilies,workunits,tribes,nations,andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.

E.g.Countriesrankmuchlowerontheindividualismscale:

Taiwan,ThailandandHongKong（Chinesecultureasawholeisrelativelycollectivist.）

Featuresofcollectivistculture:

1.Peopleincollectivistculturesgenerallyfeelthattheyhavearighttoexpecthelpfromothersmembersoftheirgroups（family,classmates,andsoforth）,andtheyalsotendtofeeltheyhaveanobligationtohelpothermembersoftheirgroups.

Example:

InChina,parentsusuallypayforcollegetuitionandfeesfortheirchildren.

2.Peopleincollectivistculturesaregenerallymorewillingtoaccepttheideathatindividualsshouldsacrificeforthebenefitofthegroup.

Example:

InChina,governmentskeepdetailedfilesofpersonalinformationaboutpeople,whichmightbenefitthepublicbymakingiteasiertosolvecrimes.

3.Peopleincollectivistculturestendtofeelmorethattheyarerepresentativesoftheirgroups,andtoacceptmoreresponsibilityforwhatothermembersoftheirgroupsdo.

Example:

InChina,ifonepersoninafamilybecomesverysuccessful,otherfamilymembersandfriendswouldexpecttobenefitfromthatperson’ssuccess.

4.TheChinesetermfor“individualist”（gerenzhuyi）,oftenhasasomewhatnegativeconnotation,andissometimesusedasasynonymfor“selfishness”.

Example:

Chineseparentstendtotelltheirchildrennottoonlyconsidertheirhappinesswhentheyaremakingadecision,becausetheyconsideritasbeingselfish.

Twoexamplesofthisbasicdifferencebetweencultures:

1.Schools:

thewayschoolsareorganized.

InChineseschools,studentsareorganizedintoclassgroups（ban）,andallstudentsinthesameclassgrouphavethesamecoursestogether.

Incontrast,NorthAmericanhighschoolanduniversitystudentshavenoclassgroupquitelikeaChineseban,andtheygenerallychooseatleastsomecourseaccordingtotheirowninterests,andasaresulttheygenerallyhavedifferentclassmatesindifferentcourses.

2.Parties:

Chinesepartiesoftenhaveagroupfocus,eitherasharedmealorasetofperformancesthateveryonewatchesandinwhichmanyparticipate.

Incontrast,oneverytypicalkindofpartyinthewestisacocktailpartyinwhichpeoplechattogetherinpairsorsmallgroups,changingconversationpartnersmanytimesduringthecourseoftheevening.

PS:

FormoredetailspleasecheckonP35IndividualistandCollectivistCultures

Unit3

SpeakinginaForeignLanguageandStress（page41）

Nativetongue（page42）

Alanguagebelongstowhosehometown,andhe/shespeaksitindailylife

E.g.likeitornot,Englishhasbecometheinternationallanguageofcommunication.WhilemorepeoplespeakMandarinasanativetongue,Englishisthelanguagemostusedasasecondlanguage.

Interculturalcommunicator（page42）

Apersonwhocommunicateswiththepeoplefromallovertheworld

DifferenceinRankandPower（page45）

Egalitarian（page45）

Minimizingtherankandpowerdifferences,favoringsocialequality.

E.g.Example:

ThestructureoftheUSgovernment,whichwasdesignedspecificallytolimitthepowerofeachbranchofgovernmentandpreventitfrombecomingtopowerful.

Hierarchy（page45）

Peoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerbecausetheyareolder,strongerandwealthierorhavesomekindofofficialposition.

Differentfocusesofequality（page46）

Equalityofopportunity:

Allpeopleshouldbegivenanequalchance,butthenpeopledeservewhateverrewardstheyworkfor.

Materialequality:

Taxandsocialwelfaresystemsaredesignedtoensurethatthedifferenceinwealthbetweencitizensisnotlarge.

Forexample,equalityofopportunityisbelievedintheUS,butsocialormaterialequalityisbelievedinScandinavians

Unit4

CultureShockandCultureFatigue（page51）

CulturalShock/Culturalfatigue（page51）

WhathappenwhenasojournerfromcultureAgoestoliveincultureB.

Sojourner（page52）

Someonewhogoestoliveinanothercountryforalongtime

Fran’sLetter（page55）

Chinesebanquet（page55）

AceremonialdinnerpartyformanypeopleinChina

Cholesterol（page55）

Ananimalsterolthatisnormallysynthesizedbytheliver;themostabundantsteroidinanimaltissues

Foodallergies（page55）

Hypersensitivityreactiontoaparticularfood

WesternCommunicationStyles（page57）

Highcontext（page57）

Peopleneedtopaymoreattentiontomanyfactors,suchasthestatusofthespeakers,whereandwhytheconversationhappenedandspeakerbodylanguage.Theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantotheactualwordssaid.

Lowcontext（page57）

Peoplewillexpresstheiropinionsdirectly,whattheysayiswhattheymean.Theyoftengivemoreweighttotheactualwordsthantothecontextsaid.

Unit-5

ExpectationsandProjectedCulturalSimilarity（page63）

1.Projectedculturalsimilarity:

Thetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmoreorlessthesamewaywedo.

2.Violated:

negativefeelingscausedwhenyourexpectationsareviolated,thenyouarelikelytofeeluncomfortable,andthismayaffecthowyoureacttoothersininterculturalencounters.Expectationsareviolatedmeanswhenyouexpectonething,butsomethingelsehappens.

3.Severalthingstodotobecomeamoreeffectiveinterculturalcommunicator:

Beawareofthenegativefeelingsyouhavewhenyourexpectationsareviolated.

Makeaconsciousefforttomanagenegativefeelings.

Makeaconsciousefforttocheckyourexpectationsandassumptions.

ConformityinWesterncultures（page69）

1.Conformity:

Actingaccordingtothenormsofacultureorasociety

2.Loosecultures:

Akindofculturewhichdoesnotdemandahighdegreeofconformity.

Tightcultures:

Akindofculturewhichexpectsarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.

3.Onthewhole,westernindividualistculturestendtobe”looser”thancollectivistculture.（Examplesareinpage69-70:

thedifferentattitudetoleft-handed,westernadvertisement,differentideaaboutwhatconstitutesgoodlanguageuse.）

Unit-6

Ethnocentrism（page77）

1.Ethnocentrism（Adj.ethnocentric）:

Thetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworld.

2.Tobecomebetterinterculturalcommunicators,weneedtolearntomanageournaturaltendencytomakeethnocentrismjudgments.

beforemakingjudgmentsaboutpeoplefromotherculture,weshouldbeconscioustomakesurethatwearenotjudgingthemsimplyjustbecausetheyaredifferentfromus.

getintothehabitoftyingtoseeproblemsfromtheforeignperspective

FamilyrelationshipintheUS（page80）