语言学终极权威版.docx
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语言学终极权威版.docx
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语言学终极权威版
Q1:
Giveanelaborateaccountoftheevolutionofthemodelsofthespokenlanguagestructure
KEY:
Model1:
language
Formmeaning
1)Languageisdividedintoformandmeaning.
Inthe19thcenturyorearlier,paygreaterattentiontoform,inthelate19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury,thereisasharpchangeinfocus-meaningoriented.
2)Formisachannel,meaningisexpressed,andmeaningobviouslyreferstothethoughts,ideasthatoneintendtoexpress.
3)Attheearliestperiodoflanguagestudy,peopledeemedformitmeaningthemostimportantthingstostudy.
Model2:
language
pronunciationgrammarmeaning
(phonology)(syntax)(semantics)
Thestructureofsentences
Pronunciation:
soundimage,certainlysoundscombineinsomedifferentways.
Grammar:
structureofsentences,isalwaysrule-governedbygrammaticalrules.E.g.Adrunkenmancansaywithoutmakinggrammaticalmistakes.
Meaning:
ideas,information,messages.
Model3
Language
Structure…..pragmatics……use
mediumoftransmissiongrammarmeaning(semantics)
Phoneticsphonologymorphologysyntaxlexicondiscourse
Infirstlevel
Oneendisstructure,theotheruse,andinthemiddlepragmatics.
Putstructureintoactualuse(dailysocialactivities)youshouldplaythegamebytherules(pragmaticalrules)notjustgrammaticalcorrection,butpragmaticalperfection.
Meaningintended----whatyouwanttosay
Meaningrealized----whatyouactuallysay.Ifmeaningrealizedmatchesmeaningintended,yousucceedinexpressingyourmeaning.
Thepresentmodelshowsthecomplexityofthelanguage.Wecanseefromthemodelhowmanydifferentlevelscanbesetuptoexplainthewaythespokenlanguagestructureisorganized.
Q2:
Definethefollowingterms-termsofallbranchesoflanguage
1.Pragmatics:
isthestudyofthefactorswhichinfluenceaperson’schoiceoflanguageorthestudyofmeaningincontext.
2.phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds(includingvowels,consonants,semi-vowels),esp.theirproduction,transmissionandreceptionproductivesoundsmannerofarticulation,placesofarticulation
3.phonologyisthestudyofthesoundsystemoflanguage.
Phoneticsstudiesindividualsoundswhilephonologyexaminesthesoundsystemandtheinterrelationshipbetweensounds./m/bilabial,nasal->nasalization(assimilation)ambiguous,ambiguity
E.g.Flyingplanecanplaydangers
4.morphology:
thestudyofwordstructure,esp.intermsofmorphemes.
Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitinalanguagewhichcan’tbefurtherdividedwithoutlosingmeaning.
5.syntax:
thestudyofsentencestructure
6.semantics:
thestudyoflinguisticsmeaning
7.lexicon:
thevocabularyofalanguage,esp.indictionaryform.
Lexicology:
thestudyoflexiconofalanguage
8.discourse:
acontinuousstretchoflanguage(esp.spokenlanguage)largerthanasentence.
9.comparativephilologyalsonamedashistoricalandcomparativelinguistics,comparativeandhistoricallinguistics.通过比较一种语言的前期形式和后期形式,也通过比较不同的语音,现已查明某些语言是有亲属关系的,例如印欧语系中有梵语、希腊语、拉丁语。
王宗炎:
theaimofthestudyistofindoutthegeneticrelationshipsbetweenthem.The19centurycomparativephilologyfocusesonwrittenrecordsandshowedgreatInternetinhistoricalanalysisandinterpretation.
10.structuralism:
anapproachthatanalysesalanguageoranyhumaninstitutionrbehaviorintoasetofstructures.
11.structurallinguistics:
thestudyofalanguagesystemofaformalpatterningratherthanofthemeaningpatternsconvey.Inotherwords,structurallinguisticspaysmoreattentiontotheformthantothemeaningortheygiveprioritytothestudyofforms/structure.
12.structuralsemantics:
thestudyofthesense/meaningrelationsbetweenwordsasidentifiedbysynonyms,near-synonyms,hyponyms,etc.
13.behaviorism:
thestudyofobservableandmeasurablebehavior.Hereoflinguistics,itreferstostimulus-responsemadebytheparticipantsinspeechsituations.
14.lexicalitem:
anysingleword,phraseorexpressionusedinalanguage.
15.pragmaticfailure:
Itmeanssayingsththatyoudidn’twanttosay;thebiggapbetweenthemeaningintendedandthemeaningrealized.
16.Tone:
pitchvariationscausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.
Orcontrastivepitchofsyllablesinlanguageswheretwowordsmaybeidenticalexceptforsuchdifferenceinpitch.
17.Intonation:
theriseandfallofthevoiceinspeaking,esp.asthisaffectsthemeaningofwhatisbeingsaid.
18.dialect:
specialformsandfeaturespeculiartoregion.
19.realism/naturalism:
aview(datingfromancientGreekphilosophy)thatthereisaclosenaturalconnectionbetweenwordsandthings.
20.nominalism/conventionalism:
theviewthatthereisarelationshipofarbitrarinessbetweenwordsandthings.
21.empiricalstudy:
sthbasedondirectobservationandscientificexperimentsandfutureinvestigationinordertoprove/disprovetheinitialstudyvalidorinvalid.
22.mentalism:
theoppositeofbehaviorism.Referstotherationalistpositionorinnatisthypothesis.
23.Whorfianhypothesis:
therelationshipbetweenlanguageandthoughtinparticularandcultureingeneral.
24.purism:
theviewthatalanguageneedstopreservetraditionalstandardsofcorrectnessandbeprotectedfromcorruption/pollution.
25.slang:
veryinformalwordsandexpressionsthataremorecommoninspokenlanguage,esp.usedbyaparticulargroupofpeople.
26.euphemism:
theuseofavagueorindirectexpressioninplaceofonethatisunpleasantoroffensive/objectionable.
27.iconicity:
asasemioticnotionitreferstonaturalresemblesoranalogybetweentheformofasignandtheobject.
28.palindrome:
awordorverseorsentencewhichreadsthesamebackwardsorforwards.
29.speechact:
utterancewhich,inanappropriatecontext,dosth,aswellassaysth.
30.speechevent:
activitiesoraspectsofactivitiesthataredirectlygovernedbytherulesornormsoftheuseofspeech.
31.form:
theoutwardshape/appearance/structurepatternwhichawordoraphrasetakes;theparticularfeatures/combinationsofsounds.
32.meaning:
thethoughts/ideaswhichtheseformsrepresent.
33.spoonerism:
(oftenhumorous)resultofchangingsound,esp.accidentally,theinitialsoundsoftwoormorewordswhenspeaking.
34.paralanguage:
anyaspectofvocalbehaviorswhichcanbeseenasmeaningfulbutisnotdescribesaspartofthelanguagesystem..
35.appliedlinguistics:
thestudyoflinguisticsandothertheoryinrelationtoanylanguage-relatedproblem.
36.psycholinguistics:
investigatedtheinter-relationshipoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.
37.sociolinguistics:
theschooloflinguisticsthatviewstheimportantessenceoflanguageasainnatelybaseinevolutionarydevelopment.
38.anthropologicallinguistics:
thehistoryandstructureofformerlyunwrittenlanguage.
Q3:
Whatdoyouknowaboutthenature/characteristicoflanguage?
KEY:
Fromdifferentaspect,yougetdifferentview.
1.it’spurelyhuman,forthepossessionoflanguagedistinguisheshumanbeingsfromotheranimals.
2.systematic:
meaningsandsoundsarelinkedintoasystemforthepurposeofcommunicationandsocialinteraction.Theuseoflanguageisapatternedbehavior,rule-governed.
3.spokenorwritten:
2differentchannels.
4.arbitraryandconventional:
namingisarbitrary.Theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.
Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
5.habitual:
asetofhabitslikeanyotherhabits,it’seasilyformedinanearlyageandisdifficulttochange.
6.complex,abstractandproductive.
Q4:
Givesomepossibledefinitionsoflanguage,broadornarrowsense.Why?
1)byD.Crystal:
inanarrowsense,it’sthehumanfacultyofspeech;inabroadsense,first,it’sthesystematicconventionaluseofsounds,signsandwrittensymbolsinahumansocietyforcommunicationandself-expression;second,it’sthemeansanimalsusetocommunicate.
2)JuliaFalk:
alanguageisanextremelycomplex,highlyabstract,infinitelyproductivesystem,linkingmeaningswithsounds.
3)WorldBook(adictionaryofEnglish)narrow:
humanspeech,spokenorwritten;broad:
aform,styleorkindoflanguage
4)Sapir:
Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.
5)Chomsky:
Fromnowon,Iwillconsideralanguagetobeaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.
6)Halliday:
Thewholeoflanguageisconceivedasasystemofsystem(subsystems).
7)BlockandTrager:
It’sasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichasocialgroupcooperates
Q5:
Howdowenormallydrawadistinctionbetweenlanguageanddialect?
Itisoneofthemostdifficulttheoreticalissuesinlinguisticsastohowtodrawasatisfactorydistinctionbetweenlanguageanddialect.Bothlanguageanddialectcanberegardedaslinguisticvariety.Thenhowtodeterminealinguisticvarietyisalanguageoradialectwehavethecriterionof”mutualintelligibility”.Butitdoesn’tworkallthetime.E.g.MutuallyunintelligiblelanguagesspokeninChinaareoftenthoughtofdialectsbecausethesharethesamewritingsystem,andarespokenwithinasinglepoliticalboundary.
Q6:
GiveexamplesinbothE&Ctoshowthemajorfunctionoflanguage/whatarethemajorfunctionsoflanguageaccordingtomostscholarworkinginthisfield?
1)phatic:
toestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontact.E.g.Lovelyweather,isn’tit?
2)Directive:
togetthehearerdosth.E.g.Beseated!
请关掉灯!
3)Informative:
totellwhatthespeakerbelieves;t
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