跨文化全01之欧阳术创编.docx
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跨文化全01之欧阳术创编.docx
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跨文化全01之欧阳术创编
跨文化
一.
时间:
2021.02.02
创作:
欧阳术
二.名词解释
Cultureisthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.
Cultureidentityreferstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.
Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent
Subcultureisformedbygroupsofpeoplepossessingcharacteristictraitsthatsetapartanddistinguishthemfromotherswithinalargersocietyordominantculture.
Linguisticbarriersproblemsincommunicationduetolanguagedifferences
Nonverbalcommunicationreferstothemessagessentwithoutusingwords
Ethnocentrism:
thebeliefthatone’sowncultureissuperiortoallothersandisthestandardbywhichallotherculturesshouldbemeasured.
Highpowerdistance:
thetendencytoaccepttheinequalityinpowerdistribution
Lowpowerdistance:
thetendencytoexpectequalityinpowerdistribution
Masculinecultures:
culturesthatarecharacterizedbyambition,assertivenessanddifferentcharacterroles
Femininecultures:
culturesthatarecharacterizedbynurturingbehaviors,careandconcernandfavorsexualequality
Individualisticcultures:
culturesthatvalueeveryindividual’srightsandarecharacterizedbyindependencyandprivacy
Collectivisticcultures:
culturesthatvaluethecollectiveinterestsofthegroupandarecharacterizedbyinterdependencyandresponsibility
Uncertaintyavoidingcultures:
culturesthattendtoavoidrisksandenforcerulesandsecurity
Uncertaintyacceptingcultures:
culturesthatliketotakerisksandseeknovelty
Socialinterculturalcustoms:
socialrulesandroutinesobservedininteractionacrossculture
Interpersonalrelationship:
thesocialrelationshipbetweenfriends,colleagues,classmates,andsoon.
Acculturation:
theprocessofculturalmodificationasaresultofcontactwithadifferentculture。
Cultureshockreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.
Interpersonalcommunicationcompetence:
istheabilitytofunctioneffectivelyandappropriatelyinaninterculturalcommunicationcontext.Itinvolvescognitionaffectandbehavior,whichareinseparableinreality.
三.判断正误
四.英翻汉,汉翻英
临时抱佛脚tomakethelast-minuteeffort
马后炮belatedeffort
守株待兔waitforgainswithoutpains
二百五anerd,fool
五体投地toadmiresbextremely,whole-heartedadmiresb
海纳百川有容乃大oceanisvast,foritrefusenoriver
己所不欲勿施于人totreatothersasyouwouldliketobetreated
萝卜青菜各有所爱one’smeat,another’spoison
借花献佛borrowsthtomakegiftofit
爱屋及乌lovemelovemydog
摩拳擦掌itchtohaveago
三顾茅庐repeatedlycallonsbtoasksbtotakecertainresponsibility
做一天和尚撞一天钟tofulfillone’sresponsibilitypassively
八仙过海各显神通toshowone’sowntalents
粉墨登场embarkuponapoliticalventure
过牛郎织女的生活ametaphorforacouplelivingseparately
捶胸顿足indeepsorrow
袖手旁观tostandbyanddonothing
垂头丧气inlowmood/spirit
愁眉苦脸tohaveaworriedlook
化干戈为玉帛toendthewarandstartthepeace
Beenoncloudnine高兴,兴奋
Blowonestop怒发冲冠
Havealemononone’shand烫手山芋
Somethingfishy有猫腻
Fairweatherfriend酒肉朋友
Shootthebreeze闲谈
Zipyourlip闭嘴,停止讲话
Tobeallears洗耳恭听
Washup精疲力竭
TGIFthanksgodit’sFriday;SHITsorryhoneyit’sThursday
五.CaseStudy
FacetheMusic:
1.承担后果(toaccepttheunpleasantresultsofone'sactions)
2.接受惩罚(toreceivepunishment)
Playthegame:
遵守规则,按章办事
Case1
Key:
Idiomaticphrasesareoftenmisunderstood.InEnglish„facethemusic‟means:
tofacetherealityandtaketheconsequence;while„playthegame‟means:
abidecompletionrules.HereXieLimisinterpretedtheidiomaticphrasesTomused.FirsthethoughtthatTomdidn‟ttakethefailureoftheexperimentseriouslyandwantedtoescapefromit,becausehesaidhewould“facethemusic”
Secondly,hemisinterpretedTom‟s„playingthegame‟asthathehadn‟tdonetheexperimentseriously,whichmighthaveledtothefailure.
Case3
Key:
TheresignationofCanadianemployeeresultedfromthecommunicationbarrierduetothepreconceptionofMr.Wang,theChairmanofBoardofDirectors.Mr.WangassumedunconsciouslythattheCanadianwasmoresimilartohisChineseemployeesthanheactuallywasandtreatedhimjustashetreatedanyChineseemployee.AChineseemployeewouldhavebeenmorethanhappyifhisorherbosshadshowedsuchgreatconcernforhimorher.ButMr.Wangfoundoutthat,unlikeChineseemployees,theCanadiantookwhatmeantgreatconcerntoChineseasdistrust.
六.论述题
1.itisverynaturalforpeopletoresistothercultures,especiallywhentheyenteranewcultureandarefacedwithanewsetofvaluesaswellasdifferentbehavioralpatternsanddifferentverbalandnonverbalcommunicationsystems.theindividualneedstofindanewsourceoflivelihoodandbuildanewlife.Thisprocessiscalled“acculturation”.Itinvolvesfourmodes.
Acculturation文化适应:
theprocessofculturalmodificationasaresultofcontactwithadifferentculture.
Assimilation同化:
meansthattheindividualmakesadecisiveefforttoadoptthenormsandvaluesofthehostcultureinordertoacquireanewculturalidentity.
Hemaylosehisnativeculturalvaluesandbeliefs.
Butifhedesirestomaintainhisnativeculturalidentitywhileadjustingtosomenewculturalpractices,thenhiseffortistopursueintegration.
Ultimately,individualwillformabiculturalidentity.ThisisthecaseofmanyBBCsorABCs.
Ontheotherhand,iftheindividualrejectsthenormsandvaluesofthehostcultureandpersistentlytriestoreaffirmhisnativeculture,andthenwecallitseparationorsegregation.
Separationmeansthathechoosestoretainhisoriginalcultureandavoidinteractionwiththehostculture,whilesegregationmeansthattheseparationisenforcedbythehostcultureitself.
Thisistypicalinsituationsofracism,liketheformerApartheidsituationinSouthAfrica.
Iftheindividualchoosesnottoidentifywiththehostcultureorthenativeculture,thenwecallit
Marginalization
Punks,gypsy
2.中外父母对子女教育区别
InAmerica,childrenareindependentataveryearlyageandtheyarefreetochoosewhattheywantinlifebuttheyarealsoresponsiblefortheiractions.Incontrast,inchina,childrenrelyontheirparentstosupportthematvariouslevels,sotheytendtosubmittoparentalcontrolanddecision-making.Consequently,theChinesechildrenareindebtedtotheirparentsforlifeandfeelresponsibleforthemintheiroldage,whereastheAmericanchildrenareself-reliantand,therefore,ratherindifferenttotheirparents’oldage----theytendtoseeitasaburden.Nevertheless,thispatternischanginginChinesesociety.
●Privacy---control
●Freetochoosepartnerandcareer----listentoparents’adviceinpartnerandcareer
●Challengeparentsorder---followparentsorder
●Independentveryearly----independentaftermarriage
●Parentsrespectchildren’schoices----parentspushchildrentoexcel
●Self-relianceandfreedom----parentalprotection
3.Hofstede’svaluedimensions
Masculinecultures:
culturesthatarecharacterizedbyambition,assertivenessanddifferentcharacterroles(differentiatedsexroles,ambitionandachievement).Cultureswithhighmasculinityadvocateachievement,ambitionandacquisitionofwealthanditsmembersareusuallyassertiveandcompetitiveasassociatedwithmalebehavior.
Femininecultures:
culturesthatarecharacterizedbynurturingbehaviors,careandconcern.
Individualisticcultures:
culturesthatvalueeveryindividual’srightsandarecharacterizedbyindependencyandprivacy.(I-consciousness;independenceandcompetition)
Collectivisticcultures:
culturesthatvaluethecollectiveinterestsofthegroupandarecharacterizedbyinterdependencyandresponsibility.(WE-consciousness;interdependenceandcooperation)
Highpowerdistance:
thetendencytoaccepttheinequalityinpowerdistribution.Membersinhighpowerdistancecultureviewprivilegeandpriorityasfactsoflifeandarecomfortablewithhierarchyandstatusdifferentials.
Lowpowerdistance:
thetendencytoexpectequalityinpowerdistribution.Theybelieveinequalstatusandequalopportunityamongallmembers.
andfavorsexualequality(fluidsexroles;nurturingandqualityoflife).
Uncertaintyavoidingcultures:
culturesthattendtoavoidrisksandenforcerulesandsecurity.(Rigid;formalrules)
Uncertaintyacceptingcultures:
culturesthatliketotakerisksandseeknovelty.(Flexible;initiaterisks)
Eg:
Sweden----femininity
Japan---masculinity
China----collectivism
greatBritain----individualism
China-----highpowerdistance
America----lowpowerdistance
Japan,Peru-----Uncertaintyavoidance
Denmark-----uncertaintyaccepting
4.EdwardTHall
EdwardT.HallwasanAmericananthropologistandcross-culturalresearcher.Oneofhisfamoustheoriesiscontextculturetheory.
High-contextculture:
aculture’stendencytoconveymessagesviathecontextofcommunication.Themessageismostlyimplicitratherthanexplicit.
Low-contextculture:
aculture’stendencytoconveymessagesthroughwords;themessageisfullyverbalized.
Inlow-contextculture,peopletendtoignoresomenon-verbalcommunicationbehaviors.HoweverinChineseorJapanesehigh-contextculture,communicationsgivethesensitivecommunicatorsunlimitedinformationandcontentfortheyareexpressedbyrichsymbols,suchasfacialexpressions,actions,speedofaction,atmosphereofcommunication,unspeakableemotions,subtleges
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