Unit 2 gene and clone.docx

Unit 2 gene and clone.docx

《Unit 2 gene and clone.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Unit 2 gene and clone.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Unit2geneandclone

Unit2GeneandClone

Goals:

WhatYouShouldLearntoDo

1.Understandwhatyourbodyismadeupof,geneandclone

2.Professionalwordsandexpression.

3.KnowthestructureofDNA（RNA）

4.Talkaboutorcommentonthefutureofcloneanduse

5.Writeashortessay

Teachingprocess

1.warm-up@SpokenEnglishpractice

（1）Whatisyourbodymadeup?

（2）whatisclone?

Doyougivefurtherexplanation?

2.WorkplaceEnglish

3.Newwordsandexpression.

4.Explainthepassageandpassagesentencebysentence.

PassageIKnowingourbodyandDNA

1.Whatisyourbodymadeupof?

（1）cell

Youaremadeupofbillionsofcells.Currentestimatesputthefiguresomewherebetween10billionand100billioncells.Insidenearlyeverycellisanucleuscontainingyourownuniquesetof46chromosomes,eachofthesechromosomesconsistsofdeoxyribonucleicacid（DNA）.

（2）Whatischromosomemadeof?

Deoxyribonucleicacidisaveryimportantmoleculefoundinalllivingcells.Itcontainsinformationusedineverydaymetabolismandgrowthandinfluencesmostofourcharacteristics.

DNAisoftendescribedastheblueprintofanorganism.Itenablesvariouscellstodevelopandworktogethertoformafullyfunctionalbody,andcontrolscharacteristicssuchaseyecolor.HowmuchDNAinfluencesverycomplexfeatures,suchasintelligence,isnotyetfullyunderstood.

HalfofyourDNAcomesfromyourmumandhalffromyourdad.Whenthespermandeggcombinedtomakeyou,23chromosomesfromtheeggcombinedwith23chromosomesfromthespermtoformafullcomplementofhumanDNA-46chromosomes.

DNAlookslikeanincrediblylongtwistedladder.ThisshapeiscalledadoubleHelix

（3）Whatisagene?

TheDNAdoublehelixstoresinformationintheformofageneticcode.SectionsofDNAthatcontaincompletemessagesareknownasgenes.Theycanbethoughtofas'words'alongtheDNA'sentences'.

Genesaremessagesthatprovidetheinformationforallcellularfunctions[2].Theycarryinformationthatispassedontofuturegenerations

Eachhumancellcontainsbetween25,000and42,000genes.Genescontroltheproductionofproteinsthatmakeupmostofyourbody.

Note

[1]TheDNAdoublehelixstoresinformationintheformofageneticcode.DNA的双螺旋结构中贮存了遗传信息。

[2]Genesaremessagesthatprovidetheinformationforallcellularfunctions.基因是为所有细胞功能提拱遗传信息。

Newwords

1.chromosomes['krəuməsəum]染色体

2.deoxyribonucleic[di:

'ɔksi,raibəu'nju:

kli:

ik]脱氧核糖核酸

3．ribonucleicacid[raibəunju:

'kli:

ik]核糖核酸

4．molecule报错美['mɑli'kjul]n.[化学]分子；微小颗粒，微粒

5．metabolism美[mI''tæbəli'zəm]n.[生理]新陈代谢

6.gene[dʒi:

n]n.基因，遗传因子

Expression

1．consistsof包含

2．comesfrom来自于

3．doubleHelix双螺旋

Exercise

1.putthefollowingintoChinese

细胞细胞核细胞质新陈代谢脱氧核糖核酸基因

2．Compareman’schromosomeandwoman’s,aretheresomedifferencesandsimilarities?

3．Explainyourgender.

4.Writeanessayaboutcellaccordingtoyourprofessionalknowledge.

5.putthefollowingintoChinese

Thecellscanbestudiedinisolationfromthebody,butforthemtosurviveindependentlytheymustbeprovidedwithexactlytherightsortofenvironmentina"culture"whichcontainsasupplyofalltheessentialchemicalnutrientsrequiredbythecell.

Eachchromosomecontainsaverylargenumberofgenes,andisbasicallytwostrandsofDNAjoinedtogetherwhichseparateasthenucleusandcelldivideswitheachstrandofDNAduplicatingitself.

PassageIICloneandGeneticallyModifiedFood

1.Whatisthefirstclonedanimal?

（1）Asheep---Dolly

CloningofmammalsbecamearealitywhenscientistsinScotlandcreatedthefamoussheepDollyin1997.Shearousedworldwideinterestandconcernsaboutthescientificandethicalimplicationsofcloning.

（2）HowisDollycloned?

Thenucleusofaneggcellfromanadultsheepwasremovedandreplacedwiththenucleusfromamammary（udder）cellofanotheradultsheep.Theeggwastheninsertedintotheuterusofadifferentsheep,whereitdevelopedintoasheepembryojustlikeanormalfertilizedegg

Dollywasanexactgeneticcopy（aclone）oftheanimalfromwhichthemammarycellnucleuswastaken—hergeneticmother.But,althoughDollywasgeneticallyidenticaltoher‘mother',shewasnotheridenticaltwin.Identicaltwinsaregeneticallyidenticalbecausetheydevelopedfromthesamefertilizedegg,whereasDolly'sDNAcamefromamaturecellofher‘mother'.

Dollywasputdownattheageofsixafterdevelopingachroniclungdisease.Herbreedofsheepnormallylivesfortentotwelveyears.Anextensivepost-mortemfoundnoevidencetosuggestthatbeingaclonecontributedtoherearlydeath.

2.Geneticallymodifiedfood

Canwetransformgenesofthisanimaltotomato?

Newgenescanbeinsertedintoplant,animalandbacterialcells.Addinganewgenetoacelliscalledtransformation.ThenewDNAhastogetintothenucleusofcell.Todothis,ithastogetthroughthecellmembraneandcellwallthatprotectthecellsandtheircontents,andfinallythroughthenuclearmembrane.

Thetomatoontheleftisaregularlygrowntomatobeingusedtocompareinsizewiththegeneticallymodifiedtomatototheright.AfricaisinterestedinusingGMOs（GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms）initscroptoproducelargecrops,likethistomatoexample.

Fishgenesintomatoes

ScientistsoncetriedtotransferagenefromtheArcticflounderfishtotomatoes.Itwashopedthattransgenictomatoescontainingthisproteincouldbeusedtoproduceproductswithbetterfreezingquality,sothattheycouldbefrozenandthawedwithoutgoingmushy

Theexperimentsfailedtowork.Notomatoeswithfishgenesareactuallyinexistence.

3.TheapplicationaboutGenetechnologyinagricultureandfoodproduction

Increasingcroporanimalresistancetopestswhilereducingtheuseofchemicals

Increasingcroporanimaltolerancetochemicalsthatareusedtokillharmfulpests

Creatingdiseaseresistanceincropsandanimals

Improvingthefoodyieldperplantoranimal

Makingplantsandanimalsmoresuitedtospecialenvironmentalconditionssuchasdrierregions

Improvingthenutritionalqualityofthefoodproducedbytheplantoranimal.

Newwords

1.mammal['mæml]n.[脊椎]哺乳动物

2.mammary['mæməri]adj.乳腺的；[解剖]乳房的

3.transform[træns'firm]vt.改变，使…变形；转换vi.变换，改变；转化

4.uterus['ju:

tərəs]子宫

5..embryo['embriəu]胚胎

6..fertilized['fə:

tilaiz]受孕的

7..chronic['krɔnik]慢性的

8..membrane细胞膜

9.transgenic美[,trænz'dʒenik]adj.转基因的；基因改造的

10.flounderfish比目鱼

11.thaw美[θɔ]vi.融解；变暖和vt.使融解；使变得不拘束n.解冻；融雪

Expression

1.eggcell卵细胞

2.fertilizedegg受精卵

3.identicaltwin同卵双生

4.geneticallymodifiedfood转基因食品

Exercise

1.Doyouknowthesewords?

▪Clone

▪Geneticallymodifiedfood

▪Bacteria

▪Infection

▪Vaccine

▪Immunesystem

▪Reproduce

▪Fertile,infertile,fertilize

▪Gene,genetic

▪Transplant

▪Pest

▪Endanger

▪Species

▪Tolerant,tolerate

▪Resistant,resistance

▪Egg

2.putthefollowingintoChinese

ThisisasmalladvertisementbeingshownintheUnitedStatesinprotestoftheuseofGMOsinfood.WithnopolicyregardinggeneticallymodifiedfoodlabelingorsolidresearchdoneonthehealthrisksmanyAmericansareafraidtouseGMOs.