外文翻译 英文文献 中英版 校园智能卡.docx

外文翻译 英文文献 中英版 校园智能卡.docx

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外文翻译英文文献中英版校园智能卡

英文文献:

SMARTCARDforSMARTCAMPUS

KFUPMCaseStudy

Tala1HalawaniandMohamedMohandes

KingFahdUniversityofPetroleumandMinerals

mohandes@kfuum.edu.Sa

Abstract

Smartcardisthelatestadditionintheworldofinformationtechnology.Thevisionofthesmartcardprogramistoprovideaccesstoservicesthatissecure,fast,friendly,easytouse,flexible,personal,andisaccessiblebytheuserskomanyplaceatanytime.Asmartcardisofthesizeofaconventionalcreditcardwithanembeddedcomputerchipthatstoresandtransactsdatabetweenusersanddevices.Thisdataisassociatedwitheithervalueorinformationorbothandisstoredandprocessedwithinthechipofthecard.Thecarddataistransactedviaacardreaderattachedtoacomputingsystemasaperipheraldevice.Smartcardsareextensivelyusedthroughseveralkeyapplicationslikeeducation,healthcare,banking,entertainment,andtransportation.

1.Introduction

Smartcardisamini-computercapableofstoringandprocessingdata.Although,at-present,theyaremostpopularassingle-functioncashcardsandlong-distancecallingcards,theircapabilitiesrangefromretainingtickets,money,frequentflyermiles,travelpreferences,insuranceinformation,keydemographicdata,linkstoapatient’smedicalrecords,toallowingaccessintoabuilding,loggingontoanetwork,etc.Thepotentialofthesmartcardislimitless.Withtheaddedbonusofthesefunctionsbeingperformedonasinglecard,smartcardshavetheabilitytobecomeindispensabletools.

SmartcardswerefirstintroducedinEuropeacoupleofdecadesagoasastoredvaluetoolforpayphonestoreducetheft[I].Assmartcardsandotherchip-basedcardsadvanced,peoplefoundnewwaystousethem,suchaschargingcardsforcreditpurchasesandforrecordkeepinginplaceofpaper.Smartcardsprovidetamper-proofstorageofuserandaccountidentity.Theyprovideprotectionagainstafullrangeofsecuritythreats,komcarelessstorageofuserpasswordstosophisticatedsystemhacks.Smartcardcanbemulti-functionalthroughtheuseofseveralapplicationsstoredonthecard.Thispaperstartswiththehistoryofsmartcardsanddescribesthedifferenttypesofsmartcardswithcharacteristicsofeachtype.Finally,thepaperwilldetailKFUPMsmartcardsystemasanimportantcasestudyinthefield.

2.TheHistoryofSmartCards

ThefirstplasticpaymentcardforgeneralusewasissuedbytheDinnersClubin1950.Atfirstthecard’sfunctionswerequitesimple[2].Theyinitiallyservedasdatacarriersthatweresecureagainstforgeryandtampering.Generalinformation,suchasthecardissuer’sname,wasprintedonthesurfacewhilepersonaldataelements,suchasthecardholder’snameandthecardnumberwereembossed.Furthermore,manycardsbadasignaturefield.Protectionagainstforgerywasprovidedbyvisualfeatures.Therefore,thesystem’ssecuritydependedcompletelyontheretailstaffacceptingthecards.However,thiswasnotanoverwhelmingproblemduetothecard‘sinitialexclusivity.Therewasapressingneedformachine-readablecardstoreducehandlingcostinadditiontothefactthatcardissuer’slossesduegrewfromyeartoyearduetofraud[2].

Thefirstimprovementconsistedofamagneticstriponthebackofthecard.Thisalloweddigitaldatatobestoredonthecardinamachine-readableformasasupplementtothevisualdata.Additionally,securityisenhancedbytheuseofasecretpersonalidentificationnumber（PIN）thatiscomparedtoareferencenumberstoredinthemagneticstrip[3].

Althoughtheembossedcardwithamagneticstripisstillthemostcommonlyusedtypeofpaymentcard,theysufferfromasevereweaknessinthatdatastoredonthestripcanberead,deletedandrewrittenbyanyonewithaccesstotheappropriateequipment.PINmustbestoredinthehostsysteminasecureenvironment,insteadofonthemagneticstrip.Mostsystemsthatemploymagneticstripcardshaveon-lineconnectionstothesystem’shostcomputerforsecurityreasons.However,thisgeneratesconsiderabledatatransmissioncosts.

Thedevelopmentofthesmartcard,combinedwiththeexpansionofelectronicdataprocessinghascreatedcompletelynewpossibilitiesforsolvingthisproblem.Progressinmicroelectronicsinthe1970’smadeitpossibletointegratedatastorageandarithmeticlogiconasinglesiliconchipmeasuringafewsquaremillimeters[2].TheideasofincorporatingsuchanintegratedcircuitintoanIDcardwascontainedinapatentapplicationfiledinJapanbyKunitakaArimurainJapanconcerning“aplasticcardincorporatingoneormoreintegratedcircuitchipsforthegenerationofdistinguishingsignals”in1970[3].However,thefirstrealprogressinthedevelopmentofsmartcardscamewhenRonalMorenoregisteredhissmartcardpatenton“anindependentelectronicobjectwithmemory”inFrancein1974.

Abreakthroughwasachievedin1984,whentheFrenchtelecommunicationauthoritiesdecidedtouseprepaidchipcardsforpublicpayphonesduetotheincreasingvandalismandtheft.Chipcardsweredemonstratedtobeacosteffectivesolution.TheFrenchexamplewasfollowedbymanyothercountries.Today,morethan100countriesusechipcardsfortheirpublicphonesystems.By1990thetotalnumberofsmartcardsreached60millioncards[4].Today,severalbillionsmartcardsareinuseworldwide.

3.TypesofSmartCards

Smartcardsarecomposedofachip,aninterfacebetweenthechipandthecardreader,andaplasticbody.Smartcardsareclassifiedaccordingtothechiptype;memorychipcardsaswellasmicroprocessorchipcards.Theycanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtothemethodofcommunicationwiththereader.Cardsmaycommunicatewithreaderseitherthroughdirectphysicalcontacts（contactcards）orthrougharadiokequencysignals（contactlesscards）.

3.1MemoryChipCurds

Memorycardshavenosophisticatedprocessingpowerandcannotmanagefilesdynamically.Theyareusedfordatastorageandapplications.Datacanconsistoftheidentificationnumber,serialnumberofthecard,installedapplicationsandtheinformationrequiredtoaspecificapplicationincaseofmudti-appliciationcards.Themainuseformemorysmartcardsistostorecard’soperatingsystem,nm-timee:

nvironment,issuersecuritydomain,cardissuerapplication,keys,andcertificatesforcryptography.Keysfunctionaspasswordstosecureenvironments,andcertificatesverifytheauthenticityofkeys.Memorysmartcardsarebuiltwi.therasableprogrammableread-onlymemory（EPROM）orelectricallyEPROM（EEPROM）chi,ps.EPROMisoftenusedinprepaidservicecardssuchasphonecardsthatcountoffminutesusedandthenarediscarded.EEPROM,whichcanbechangedupto100,000times,includesbuilt-inlogicthatcanbeusedtoupdatea.counterinprepaidservicecards.

3.2MicroprocessorChipCurds

Thesecardshaveoncarddynamicdataprocessingcapabilities.Thechipcontainsamicroprocessororamicrocontrollerthatmanagesmemoryallocationsandfileaccess.Itmanagesdatainorganizedfilestructures,viaacardoperatingsystem（COS）.Unlikeotheroperatingsystems,thissoftwarecontrolsaccesstotheoncardusermemory.Thi,scapabilitypermitsdifferentandmultiplefunctionsand/ordifferentapplicationstoresideontklecard.Themicroprocessorchipsusedforcardsaresmaller,slowerversionsofthecentralprocessingunitsusedinPCs.Theirpro,gammingcapabilityprovidessupporttofunctionalityofthecard.Microprocessorsmartcardsarerequiredforapplicationsthatmanipulateorcomparedata,suchaspublickeyinfrastructure（PKI）,dataencryption,Javaapplets,andelectronicpurses.EverymicroprocessorsmartcardbasaCOSonthechiptooperatetheinternalfunctionsoftheapplication.TheCOSloadsofftheread-onlymemory（ROM）,muchlike:

abasicinputloutputsystem（BIOS）onaPC[Z].

3.3ContactSmartCmds

Inadditiontotheclassificationofsmartcardbasedonthechiptype,smartcardscanbeclassifiedbasedoncommunicationtype.Contactsmartcardrequiresaphyriicalcontactbetweencardandthereader.Theyuseaneightorsixpincontactsonthetopofthecardtophysicallyconnecttothecardreader.Theirch.ipcouldbememoryormicroprocessortype[5].

3.4ContactlessSmartCurds

Contactlesssmartcardsuseanantennatocommunicatewiththereader.TheyarepoweredfromanRFfieldgeneratedbythecardreader.TheRFfieldalsotransfersdatabetweenthecardandthereader[4].Employeeidentificationbadgesforbuildingaccessaretypicallycontactlesssmartcards.Additionally,mostcardsusedfortransportationarecontactlessaswell.

3.5CombinationSmartCards

Multipurposecombinationsmartcardsareahybridmixofthecontactandcontactlessdesigns.Theyincludecontactsforcommunicationwithacontacttypereader,andalsoincludeanantennaforcommunicationwithanRFtypereader[5].

4.KFUPMSmartCardSystem

Universitiesneedsimpleidentitycardsforallemployeesandstudentswhoaregrantedaccesstocertaindata,equipmentanddepartmentsaccordingtotheirstatus.Multifunction,microprocessorbasedsmartcardsincorporateidentitywithaccessprivilegesandalsostoresvalueforuseinvariouslocations,suchascafeteriasandstores.Numerousuniversitiesaroundtheworldareutilizingsmartcards.KFUPMisoneofthefirstuniversitiesintheareatoadoptacomprehensivemultifunctionalsmartcardsystem.KFUPMcardisadualcardthatbastwochips;oneforcontactapplicationsandtheotherisforcontactlessapplications.Thecontactchipwillbeutilizedtostorecardholderphotoinadditionforfuturebankserviceswhilethecontactlesschipwillbeutilizedforallotherfunctions.Thecardsyst