SameSamesex and oppositesex best friend interactions among high school juniors and seniors.docx
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SameSamesex and oppositesex best friend interactions among high school juniors and seniors.docx
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SameSamesexandoppositesexbestfriendinteractionsamonghighschooljuniorsandseniors
Same-sex and opposite-sex bestfriend interactions amonghighschooljuniorsandseniors.
作者:
Lundy,Brenda
Field,Tiffany
McBride,CamiK.
来源:
Adolescence;Summer98,Vol.33Issue130,p279-289,11p
物理描述:
Bibliography
文献类型:
Article
主题:
Adolescentpsychology
Social interaction
Friendship
Teenagers
关键字:
Sex differences
摘要:
Eighteenadolescentswerevideotapedduringsame-sex and opposite-sex interactions intheeleventhandtwelfthgrades.Inbothgrades,femalesfeltmorecomfortableduringsame-sex interactions thanduring opposite-sex interactions,andtheyratedtheirsame-sex partnersmorepositivelythandidmales.Femalesinbothgradesandmalesineleventhgradeshowedmorepeerintimacythandidmalesintwelfthgrade.Eleventh-gradefemalesshowedthemostplayfulbehaviors(themostengagedstate).Moresynchrony(matchingofbehavior)wasfoundfortheanimatedstateinthetwelfthgradeascomparedwiththeeleventhgrade.Reprintedbypermissionofthepublisher.
ISSN:
00018449
入藏编号:
507656601
翻译全文:
HTML全文
SAME-SEX AND OPPOSITE-SEX BESTFRIEND INTERACTIONS AMONGHIGHSCHOOLJUNIORSANDSENIORS
内容
1.METHOD
2.Subjects
3.Procedure
4.Questionnaires
5.CodingbyObservers
6.RESULTS
7.Self-RatingScales
8.PeerInteractionRatingScales
9.BehaviorStatesandStateMatching
10.CortisolLevels
11.DISCUSSION
12.REFERENCES
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ABSTRACT
Eighteenadolescentswerevideotapedduringsame-sex and opposite-sex interactions intheeleventhandtwelfthgrades.Inbothgrades,femalesfeltmorecomfortableduringsame-sex interactions thanduring opposite-sex interactions,andtheyratedtheirsame-sex partnersmorepositivelythandidmales.Femalesinbothgradesandmalesineleventhgradeshowedmorepeerintimacythandidmalesintwelfthgrade.Eleventh-gradefemalesshowedthemostplayfulbehaviors(themostengagedstate).Moresynchrony(matchingofbehavior)wasfoundfortheanimatedstateinthetwelfthgradeascomparedwiththeeleventhgrade.
Intimatefriendshipseemstobeoneofthemostsalientcharacteristics.ofadolescence,moresothatinpreviousdevelopmentalstages(Buhrmester,1990;Richey&Richey,1980).Astudythatcomparedpreadolescentswithadolescentsfoundthatintimatefriendshipismoreimportanttoadolescents(Buhrmester,1990).Thestudyalsonotedthatcompetenceinpeerrelationshipskillsisagreaterconcernforadolescentsthanforpreadolescents.Areviewoftheliteratureonfriendshiprevealedthatchildrenwithclosefriendsshowbetteracademicperformance,arelesslikelytodropoutofschool,andhavelowerratesofjuveniledelinquencyandadultpsychopathology(Parker&Asher,1987).Rein(1985)notedthattheDSM-III-Ruseslackofclosepeerrelationshipsasacriterionforanumberofchildhoodpsychiatricdisorders.
Preadolescentbestfriendpairsversusacquaintancepairsshowmorematchingofpositivebehavioralstatesandexperiencelowerstresslevelsduringtheir interactions (Field,Greenwald,Morrow,Healy,Foster,Guthertz,&Frost,1992).Fewstudies,however,havecomparedsamesexfriendshipswith opposite-sex friendshipsforadolescents.Sharabany,Gershoni,andHolman(1981)investigatedchangesinpeerintimacyofsame-sex and opposite-sex friendshipsduringpreadolescenceandadolescence.A32-itemintimacyquestionnaire,whichassessedeightdimensionsofintimacy(SharabanyIntimacyScale),wasadministeredto480Israelischoolchildreninthe5th,6th,9th,and11thgrades.Halfratedtheirsame-sex bestfriendandtheotherhalfratedtheir opposite-sexbestfriendonintimacylevel.Femalesreportedagreaterlevelofintimacywiththeirsame-sex friendthandidmales.Theintimacyscoresfor opposite-sex friendswerelowforbothmalesandfemalesinthe5thgrade,butincreasedafterthatforfemalesmorerapidlythanformales.Bythe11thgrade,thelevelof opposite-sex peerintimacywassimilartothatofsame-sex intimacy.
Althoughintimacyratingsprovideinformationregardingthe"comfortlevel"experiencedinfriendships,theinclusionofbehavioralandphysiologicalmeasurescanprovideadditionalinformationrelatedtothelevelofstressduringactualpeer interactions.Inastudyusingbehavioralandphysiologicalmeasures(McBride&Field,1997),highschooljuniorswerevideotapedinsame-sex and opposite-sex bestfriendpairsduringaface-to-faceconversation.Thevideotapeswereratedforconcordanceofbehaviorstates,salivasampleswerecollectedtodeterminethesubjects'cortisollevelsbeforeandafterthe interaction,andthesubjectscompletedquestionnairesinwhichtheyratedtheir interaction andthelikabilityandcharacteristicsoftheirpartner.Theywerealsoaskedtocompleteself-esteem,peerintimacy,depression,andanxietyscales.Themostcomfortable,playful interactions werefoundtobethosebetweenfemales.Femalesratedtheirsamesexinteractions asmorecomfortableandtheirfemalepartnersmorelikable,andtheyengagedinmoreplayfulbehaviortogetherthandidmale-maleor opposite-sexdyads.Althoughithadbeenanticipatedthatbytheirjunioryeartheseadolescentswouldbespendingmoretimeinheterosexualrelationshipsandthereforeratingthemmoreoptimallyandshowingmoreplayfulbehavior,thatdidnotappeartobetrueforthiseleventh-gradesample.Intermsofbehavioralconcordance,orsynchrony,theadolescentsspentsimilaramountsoftimetogetherinaninterestedstateforbothsame-sex and opposite-sex interactions,andinananimatedstateformalesame-sex pairsandaplayfulstate(thehighestlevelofintimatebehavioronthescale)forfemalesame-sex pairs.
Thepurposeofthepresentresearchwastodetermine
(1)whethera"comfortlevel"similartothatoffemale-female interactions inafaceto-facesituationhaddevelopedformale-male interactions oneyearlater,and
(2)whetherfemaleshadcometoexperiencethesamelevelofcomfortandmatchingofplayfulbehaviorintheir interactions withmalesbytheirsenioryearofhighschoolastheyhadexperiencedinsame-sex interactions intheirjunioryear.
METHOD
Subjects
Eighteenhighschooladolescents(11females,7males)whohadparticipatedintheMcBrideandField(1997)researchduringtheirjunioryearwereagainstudiedduringtheirsenioryear.Theywereaskedduringbothyearstonametheirbestsame-sex friendandbestoppositesexfriendwhoattendedthesamehighschool.Theirbestfriendsweretheninvitedtoparticipatewiththem.Theaverageageoftheadolescentswas16.3years(range-15-17)ineleventhgradeand17.3years(range=16-19)intwelfthgrade.Theirethnicdistributionwas33%Hispanic,28%white,28%AfricanAmerican,and11%other,consistentwiththehighschooldistribution.Forty-fourpercentoftheirparentsweremarried;94%hadatleastsomecollege,and44%hadagraduateschooldegree.Seventy-twopercentoftheirparentsearnedmorethan$30,000,andthesampleaveraged2.3(middletouppermiddleSES)ontheHollingsheadIndex.
Procedure
Selectionofbestfriendpairs.Thestudentswereaskedtoprovidedemographicinformation(age, sex,race)andthenamesoftheirbestsame-sex friendandbestopposite-sex friendwithinthesamehighschoolgrade.Thequestionsusedtoascertainbestfriendswere:
"Ispendthemosttimewith";"Iknowthebest";and"Ihavelunchwiththemost."Thestudentsnamedasbestfriendswerethenaskedtoparticipateandtoanswerthesamequestions.Thestudentswhodesignatedoneanotherontwooutofthreeoftheabovequestionswerematchedinpairs.
Same-sex and opposite-sex bestfriend interactions.Thebestfriendpairswereseatedface-to-faceacrossasmalltableandaskedtohaveaconversationaboutanythingtheydesired(ideasweresuggested,suchastalkingabouttheirdayatschoolortheirsummerplans).The10-minuteconversationswerevideotapedbyatripod-mountedcameraplacedapproximatelysixfeetawayfromthestudentssoastobeunobtrusive.Amirrorwasproppednexttoonestudentsothattheimageonthevideoscreenshowedthedyadsidebyside.Microphoneswerealsoclippedtothestudents'shirtstoensureanaudiblerecording.Thevideotapedinteractions weresubsequentlycodedbyanobserverwhoratedeachadolescentonhisorherbehavior.
Followingthe10-minute interaction,studentswereadministeredquestionnairesthatrequired15minutestocomplete.Salivasampleswerecollectedpriortotheinteraction andfollowingthequestionnaireperiodtoassaycortisollevelsasanindexofarousallevelor interaction stress.Becausesalivacortisollevelshavea20-minutelagtime,thesalivasampledafarthequestionnaireperiodreflectedcortisollevelsmidwaythroughthe10-minute interaction.Itwasspeculatedthatbythemiddleofthe interaction,theadolescentswouldhaveadaptedtothesituationandprobablybeattheirgreatestease.Forthesamplingofsaliva,eachstudentsimplyplacedadentalswab(dippedinlemonadecrystals)alonghisorher'gumlinefor10seconds.
Questionnaires
Thestudentswereadministeredtwosetsofquestionnaires.Thefirstconsistedofaseriesof interaction ratingscales:
howtheyfeltduringthe interaction,howtheyratedtheir interaction partner,andanassessmentoflevelofintimacywithbestfriend.Thesecondsetcontainedself-ratingscalesthatdealtwithself-esteem,anxiety,anddepressedmood.The interaction ratingscaleswereadministeredafterboththesame-sex and opposite-sex interactions.Theself-ratingscaleswereadministeredonlyafterthefirstsession.Thesame-sex/opposite-sex interaction orderwascounterbalancedtominimizeanyeffectsonquestionnaireresponses.
Feel
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