全部高中生物知识点总结.docx

全部高中生物知识点总结.docx

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全部高中生物知识点总结

全部高中生物知识点总结（Summaryofallhighschoolbiologyknowledgepoints）

Allhighschoolbiologysummaryofknowledgepoints,.Txtalwaysbelievethattherearemanyreasonsforloveinthisworld,butthereisonlyonereasonforseparation-loveisnotenough.Therearefourbooksinlife:

health,affection,careerandmoney.Ifthehealthdisappears,otherpassbookwillexpire.Listofbiologicalknowledgeinhighschool

Introduction

Thebasiccharacteristicsofalivingorganism;havingacommonphysicalandstructuralbasis

Metabolism

Irritability

Growth,development,reproduction

Heredityandvariation

Organismscanadapttoacertainenvironmentandaffecttheenvironment.Thebasiccomponentsoflivingorganismsareproteinsandnucleicacids.

Proteinsaretheprimarybearersoflife.

Nucleicacidsarecarriersofgeneticinformation.

Cellsarethebasicunitsofthestructureandfunctionoforganisms.

Metabolismisthegeneraltermforallorderedchemicalchangesinlivingmatter.

Metabolismisthebasisoftheorganismforalllifeactivities.

Threestagesofbiologicaldevelopment:

Descriptivebiology,experimentalbiology,andmolecularbiology,thecellulartheory,laythefoundationforthestudyofthestructure,physiology,reproduction,anddevelopmentoforganisms;

Theoriginofspeciesplaysanimportantroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofmodernbiology;

Mendel;DNAdoublehelixstructure;

Biosciencedevelopment,biotechnology,medicine,agriculture,energydevelopmentandenvironmentalvaccinemanufacturing-Core:

geneticengineering

Insectresistantcotton;oilgrass;superbacteria

Materialbaseoflife

Biologicalactivitiesoflifehaveacommonmaterialbase

Chemicalelementsvarygreatlyindifferentorganismsandinvariouschemicalelements.

Classification:

alargenumberofelements,traceelements

Compoundsarethematerialbasisforbiologicalactivities.

Chemicalelementscanaffectthebiologicalactivitiesoflife.

Thebiologicalandnonbiologicalcommunitiesareunityanddiversity

Compounds,water,inorganicsalts,sugars,lipids,proteins,nucleicacids.

Water--freewaterandcombinedwater

Ionsofinorganicsaltsplayanimportantroleinthemaintenanceofbiologicalactivities.

Sugars-monosaccharides,twosugars,polysaccharides.

Lipids-fats,lipids,sterols

Freewaterisagoodsolventinthecellthatdeliversnutrientstoeachcell.

Maintaincellosmoticpressureandacid-basebalance,cellmorphologyandfunction.

Carbohydrateisanimportantcomponentoftheorganism,andisalsothemainenergysourceofthecell.

Fatsaresubstancesthatstoreenergyinthebody,reducebodyheatloss,maintainbodytemperature,reducevisceralfriction,andbufferoutsidepressure.

Phospholipidsconstituteanimportantcomponentofthecellmembrane.

Sterols-cholesterol,vitaminD,andsexhormones;maintainnormalmetabolismandreproductiveprocesses.

Proteinsandnucleicacids,proteinsandnucleicacidsarehighmolecularsubstances.

Proteinisanimportantorganiccompoundincells,andallactivitiesoflifeareinseparablefromprotein.

Nucleicacidisthecarrierofgeneticinformation.

Proteinstructure:

thetype,number,arrangement,andspatialstructureofaminoacids.

Proteinfunction:

catalysis,transportation,regulation,immunity,identification

Chromosomesarethechiefcarriersofgeneticmaterial.

Thebasicunitoflife-cells

Cellsarethebasicunitsofthestructureandfunctionoforganisms.

Cellularstructureandfunctionclassificationofcells:

eukaryotes,prokaryotes

Cellshaveveryfinestructuresandcomplexautomaticcontrolfunctions.Onlywhenthecellisintactcanthenormallifeactivitiesbecompleted.

Cellmembranestructure:

flowmosaicmodelphospholipidsandproteins.

Basicskeleton:

phospholipidbilayer

Thestructureis:

protein+polysaccharide.

Cellwall:

cellulose,pectinfunction:

liquidity,selectivepermeability

Choiceofpermeability:

freediffusion（benzene）andactivetransport

Activetransportation:

itcanguaranteethelivingcellstoabsorbthenutrientstheyneedaccordingtotheneedsoflifeactivities,andeliminatethewastesandharmfulsubstancesproducedbymetabolism.

Isfunction:

protectionandlubrication,identification

Cytoplasmicmatrix-nutrients

Thecytoplasmicmatrixistheprimarysiteforthemetabolismoflivingcells.

Avarietyoforganellesarethestructuralbasisandunitforcompletingtheirfunctions.

Mitochondriaaretheprimarysiteofaerobicrespirationbylivingcells.

Chloroplastsarethesiteofphotosynthesis.

Endoplasmicreticulum-smoothsurface:

synthesisandtransportoflipidsandsugars

Roughsurface:

processingandsynthesisofglycoproteins

ribosome

Golgiapparatus

Thevacuoleplaysaregulatoryroleintheinternalenvironmentofthecell,allowingthecelltomaintainacertainosmoticpressureandexpansionstate.

Nuclearstructure:

nuclearmembrane,nucleolus,chromatin

Thenuclearmembraneisselectivelypermeablemembrane,butnotmembrane

Chromatin-DNA+protein

Chromatinandchromosomesaretwomorphologicalfunctionsofthesamesubstanceincellsandindifferentperiods:

Nuclearpore-thechannelbetweenwhichmaterialexchangesbetweenthenucleiofthecytoplasm.

Thenucleusisthelocuswheregeneticmaterialisstoredandreplicated,andisthelocusofcontrolofcellulargeneticcharacteristicsandcellularmetabolism.

Thenucleusplaysadecisiveroleinlife.

Prokaryoticcellsarecharacterizedbytheabsenceoftypicalnucleisurroundedbynuclearmembranes.

Thecellwallcontainsnocellulose,butmainlysugarsandproteins.

Therearenocomplexorganelles,buttherearescatteredribosomes.

PseudonakedDNA

Thecellsarerelativelysmall

Cellproliferation:

mitosis,mitosis,meiosis.Cellproliferationisthebasisforgrowth,development,reproduction,andinheritanceoforganisms.

Mitosis

Cellcyclemitosisisthemajormodeofcelldivisionineukaryotes.

Somaticmitosisinvolvesperiodicityandcellcycle

Therearedifferencesbetweenanimalsandplantsinmitosis:

differenttypesofcellsintheearlyandlatestagesofacellcycle.

Thebiggestfeatureofinterphase:

completeDNAmolecularreplicationandproteinsynthesis.

Significance:

maintainingthestabilityofgenetictraits.

Celldifferentiationisonlycellproliferation,andnocelldifferentiation,organismscannotcarryoutnormalgrowthanddevelopment.

Celldifferentiationisapersistentchangethatoccursduringtheentirelifecycleofanorganismandreachesitsmaximumduringembryonictimes.

Cellstabilityvariabilityisirreversible.

Celltotipotent:

highlydifferentiatedplantcellsstillhavethepotentialtodevelopintointactplants.Themostpowerfultotipotentcellisthestemcellthathasstarteddividing;

Thefertilizedegghasthehighesttotipotentnature.

Cellcarcinogenesis.

Cancercausingfactors:

Physics,chemistry,viruses.

Thetransformationofacancercellfromtheinhibitionoftheoncogeneintoanactivatedstate,causingthecelltoundergotransformation.Characteristics:

unlimitedproliferation;morphologicalstructurechanges;cellmembranechanges.

Cellsenescenceistheprocessofcomplexchangesincellularphysiologyandbiochemistry,whichultimatelyreflectschangesincellmorphology,structure,andfunction.Characteristics:

reducedmoisture,decreasedmetabolism,decreasedenzymeactivity;

Pigmentaccumulationimpedestheexchangeofintracellularsubstancesandthetransmissionofinformation;

Therespiratoryrateslowsdown,thevolumeincreases,thechromatinshrinks,thestainingdeepens,andthematerialtransportfunctiondecreases.

Thethirdchapterbiologicalmetabolism

Onthebasisofmetabolism,organismscanexhibit（growth,development,geneticvariation）thebasicfeaturesoflife.Metabolismisthemostbasiccharacteristicofalivingorganism,anditistheessentialdifferencebetweenlivingthingsandnonlivingthings.

Enzymesareaclassoflivingcellsthatarebiologicallycatalyzedbyorganiccompounds（proteinsandnucleicacids）characterizedbyefficiencyandspecificity.

Suitableconditions:

suitabletemperatureandPH

ATPATPisadirectsourceofenergyneededformetabolism.

Pathwayofformation:

Animalrespiration

Plants-photosynthesis,respiration

Formation:

ADP+PiATPisverysmallincellcontent,butitchangesveryrapidlyandalwaysindynamicequilibrium.

Meaning:

inadditiontophotosynthesistoconvertsolarenergyintochemicalenergy,andstoredsugarsandotherorganicmatterproductionofphotosynthesis,andmaintainthecontentofoxygenandcarbondioxideintheatmosphereisrelativelystable,butalsoplaysanimportantroleintheevolutionofbiological.Whencyanobacteriaappearontheearth,theygraduallycontainoxygenintheearth'satmosphere.

Watermetabolism;osmoticfunction;essentialcondition:

Withasemipermeablemembranesolutionwithconcentrationdifferenceonbothsides.

Protoplasm:

thecytoplasmbetweenthecellmembrane,thetonoplast,andthetwomembranes.Transpirationisthedrivingforceofwaterabsorptionandmineralelementtransport.

Mineralmetabolism,mineralelementsareabsorbedbytheroottipintheformofions.

Theuptakeofwaterbyplantsandtheabsorptionofmineralelementsarerelativelyindependentprocesses.TheformsofutilizationofmineralelementsareN,PandMg

Ca,Fe

Nutrientsarethethreebasicsourceofnutrients.Theyarefood.

Carbohydrate:

thecarbohydrateinfoodismostlystarch.

Lipids:

mostofthefatinfoodisfat.

Proteins:

synthesis;aminoconversion;deamination

Attention:

bloodsugarregulation,obesity,diet.

Onlyreasonablechoiceandcollocationoffood,forminggoodeatinghabits,canmaintainhea