企业营运资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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企业营运资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文:
EffectsOfWorkingCapitalManagementOnSmeProfitability
Thecorporatefinanceliteraturehastraditionallyfocusedonthestudyoflong-termfinancialdecisions.Researchershaveparticularlyofferedstudiesanalyzing investments,capitalstructure,dividendsorcompanyvaluation,amongothertopics.But theinvestmentthatfirmsmakeinshort-termassets,andtheresourcesusedwith maturitiesofunderoneyear,representthemainshareofitemsonafirm’sbalance sheet.Infact,inoursamplethecurrentassetsofsmallandmedium-sizedSpanishfirms represent69.48percentoftheirassets,andatthesametimetheircurrentliabilities representmorethan52.82percentoftheirliabilities.
Workingcapitalmanagementisimportantbecauseofitseffectsonthefirm’s profitabilityandrisk,andconsequentlyitsvalue(Smith,1980).Ontheonehand, maintaininghighinventorylevelsreducesthecostofpossibleinterruptionsinthe productionprocess,oroflossofbusinessduetothescarcityofproducts,reduces supply costs,andprotectsagainstpricefluctuations,amongotheradvantages(Blinderand Manccini,1991).Ontheother,grantingtradecreditfavorsthefirm’ssalesinvarious ways.Tradecreditcanactasaneffectivepricecut(Brennan,MaksimovicandZechner,1988;PetersenandRajan,1997),incentivizescustomerstoacquiremerchandiseat timesoflowdemand(Emery,1987),allowscustomerstocheckthatthemerchandise theyreceiveisasagreed(quantityandquality)andtoensurethattheservicescontracted arecarriedout(Smith,1987),andhelpsfirmstostrengthenlong-termrelationshipswith theircustomers(Ng,SmithandSmith,1999).However,firmsthatinvestheavilyin inventoryandtradecreditcansufferreducedprofitability.Thus,thegreaterthe investmentincurrentassets,thelowertherisk,butalsothelowertheprofitability obtained.
Ontheotherhand,tradecreditisaspontaneoussourceoffinancingthatreduces theamountrequiredtofinancethesumstiedupintheinventoryandcustomeraccounts. Butweshouldbearinmindthatfinancingfromsupplierscanhaveaveryhighimplicit costifearlypaymentdiscountsareavailable.Infacttheopportunitycostmayexceed20 percent,dependingonthediscountpercentageandthediscountperiodgranted(Wilner,2000;Ng,SmithandSmith,1999).Inthisrespect,previousstudieshaveanalyzedthe highcostoftradecredit,andfindthatfirmsfinancethemselveswithsellercreditwhen theydonothaveothermoreeconomicsourcesoffinancingavailable(Petersenand Rajan,1994and1997).
Decisionsabouthowmuchtoinvestinthecustomerandinventoryaccounts,and howmuchcredittoacceptfromsuppliers,arereflectedinthefirm’scashconversion cycle,whichrepresentstheaveragenumberofdaysbetweenthedatewhenthefirm muststartpayingitssuppliersandthedatewhenitbeginstocollectpaymentsfromits customers.Somepreviousstudieshaveusedthismeasuretoanalyzewhethershortening thecashconversioncyclehaspositiveornegativeeffectsonthefirm’sprofitability.Specifically,ShinandSoenen(1998)analyzetherelationbetweenthecashconversion cycleandprofitabilityforasampleoffirmslistedontheUSstockexchangeduringthe period1974-1994.Theirresultsshowthatreducingthecashconversioncycletoa reasonableextentincreasesfirms’profitability.Morerecently,Deloof(2003)analyzesa sampleoflargeBelgianfirmsduringtheperiod1992-1996.Hisresultsconfirmthat Belgianfirmscanimprovetheirprofitabilitybyreducingthenumberofdaysaccounts receivableareoutstandingandreducinginventories.Moreover,hefindsthatless profitablefirmswaitlongertopaytheirbills.
Thesepreviousstudieshavefocusedtheiranalysisonlargerfirms.However,the managementofcurrentassetsandliabilitiesisparticularlyimportantinthecaseofsmall andmedium-sizedcompanies.Mostofthesecompanies’assetsareintheformof currentassets.Also,currentliabilitiesareoneoftheirmainsourcesofexternalfinance inviewoftheirdifficultiesinobtainingfundinginthelong-termcapitalmarkets(PetersenandRajan,1997)andthefinancingconstraintsthattheyface(Whited,1992; FazzariandPetersen,1993).Inthisrespect,ElliehausenandWoken(1993),Petersen andRajan(1997)andDanielsonandScott(2000)showthatsmallandmedium-sized USfirmsusevendorfinancingwhentheyhaverunoutofdebt.Thus,efficientworking capitalmanagementisparticularlyimportantforsmallercompanies(PeelandWilson,1996).
Inthiscontext,theobjectiveofthecurrentworkistoprovideempiricalevidence abouttheeffectsofworkingcapitalmanagementonprofitabilityforapanelmadeupof 8,872SMEsduringtheperiod1996-2002.Thisworkcontributestotheliteratureintwo ways.First,noprevioussuchevidenceexistsforthecaseofSMEs.Weuseasampleof SpanishSMEsthatoperatewithintheso-calledcontinentalmodel,whichis characterizedbyitslessdevelopedcapitalmarkets(La Porta,López-de-Silanes, Shleifer,andVishny,1997),andbythefactthatmostresourcesarechanneledthrough financialintermediaries(Pampillón,2000).AllthissuggeststhatSpanishSMEshave feweralternativesourcesofexternalfinanceavailable,whichmakesthemmore dependentonshort-termfinanceingeneral,andontradecreditinparticular.As Demirguc-KuntandMaksimovic(2002)suggest,firmsoperatingincountrieswithmore developedbankingsystemsgrantmoretradecredittotheircustomers,andatthesame timetheyreceivemorefinancefromtheirownsuppliers.Thesecondcontributionis that,unlikethepreviousstudiesbyShinandSoenen(1998)andDeloof(2003),inthe currentworkwehaveconductedtestsrobusttothepossiblepresenceofendogeneity problems.Theaimistoensurethattherelationshipsfoundintheanalysiscarriedout areduetotheeffectsofthecashconversioncycleoncorporateprofitabilityandnotvice versa.
Ourfindingssuggestthatmanagerscancreatevaluebyreducingtheirfirm’s numberofdaysaccountsreceivableandinventories.Similarly,shorteningthecash conversioncyclealsoimprovesthefirm’sprofitability.
WeobtainedthedatausedinthisstudyfromtheAMADEUSdatabase.ThisdatabasewasdevelopedbyBureauvanDijk,andcontainsfinancialandeconomicdataonEuropeancompanies.
Thesamplecomprisessmallandmedium-sizedfirmsfromSpain.TheselectionofSMEswascarriedoutaccordingtotherequirementsestablishedbytheEuropean Commission’srecommendation96/280/CEof3 April,1996,onthedefinitionofsmallandmedium-sizedfirms.Specifically,weselectedthosefirmsmeetingthefollowingcriteriaforatleastthreeyears:
a)havefewerthan250employees;b)turnoverlessthan €40million;andc)possesslessthan€27millionoftotalassets.
Inadditiontotheapplicationofthoseselectioncriteria,weappliedaseriesoffilters.Thus,weeliminatedtheobservationsoffirmswithanomaliesintheiraccounts,suchasnegativevaluesintheirassets,currentassets,fixedassets,liabilities,currentliabilities,capital,depreciation,orinterestpaid.Weremovedobservationsofentryitemsfromthebalancesheetandprofitandlossaccountexhibitingsignsthatwerecontrarytoreasonableexpectations.Finally,weeliminated1percentoftheextremevaluespresentedbyseveralvariables.Asaresultofapplyingthesefilters,weendedupwithasampleof38,464observations.
Inordertointroducetheeffectoftheeconomiccycleonthelevelsinvestedin workingcapital,weobtainedinformationabouttheannualGDPgrowthinSpainfrom Eurostat.
Inordertoanalyzetheeffectsofworkingcapitalmanagementonthefirm’s profitability,weusedthereturnonassets(ROA)asthedependentvariable.Wedefined thisvariableastheratioofearningsbeforeinterestandtaxtoassets.
Withregardstotheindependentvariables,wemeasuredworkingcapital managementbyusingthenumberofdaysaccountsreceivable,numberofdaysof inventoryandnumberofdaysaccountspayable.Inthisrespect,numberofdays accountsreceivable(AR)iscalculatedas365×[accountsreceivable/sales].This variablerepresentstheaveragenumberofdaysthatthefirmtakestocollectpayments fromitscustomers.Thehigherthevalue,thehigheritsinvestmentinaccounts receivable.
Wecalculatedthenumberofdaysofinventory(INV)as365×[inventories/purchases].Thisvariablereflectstheaveragenumberofdaysofstockheld bythefirm.Longerstoragetimesrepresentagreaterinvestmentininventoryfora particularlevelofoperations.
Thenumberofdaysaccountspayable(AP)reflectstheaveragetimeittakes firmstopaytheirsuppliers.Wecalculatedthisas365×[accountspayable/purchases]. Thehigherthevalue,thelongerfirmstaketosettletheirpaymentcommitmentstotheir suppliers.
Consideringthesethreeperiodsjointly,weestimatedthecashconversioncycle(CCC).Thisvariableiscalculatedasthenumberofdaysaccountsreceivableplusthenumberofdaysofinventoryminusthenumberofdaysaccountspayable.Thelongerthecashconversioncycle,thegreaterthenetinvestmentincurrentassets,andhencethe greatertheneedforfinancingofcurrentassets.
Togetherwiththesevariables,weintroducedascontrolvariablesthesizeofthe firm,thegrowthinitssales,anditsleverage.Wemeasuredthesize(SIZE)asthe logarithmofassets,thesalesgrowth(SGROW)as(Sales1–Sales0)/Sales0,theleverage(DEBT)astheratioofdebttoliabilities.Dellof(2003)inhisstudyoflargeBelgian firmsalsoconsideredtheratiooffixedfinancialassetstototalassetsasacontrol variable.Forsomefirmsinhisstudysuchassetsareasignificantpartoftotalassets.Howeve
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