New Zealand.docx
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New Zealand.docx
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NewZealand
NewZealand(listen(help·info))(/njuːˈziːlənd/new-ZEE-lənd,Māori:
Aotearoa[aɔˈtɛaɾɔa])isanislandnationinthesouthwesternPacificOcean.Thecountrygeographicallycomprisestwomainlandmasses–thatoftheNorthIsland,orTeIka-a-Māui,andtheSouthIsland,orTeWaipounamu–andnumeroussmallerislands.NewZealandissituatedsome1,500kilometres(900mi)eastofAustraliaacrosstheTasmanSeaandroughly1,000kilometres(600mi)southofthePacificislandareasofNewCaledonia,Fiji,andTonga.Becauseofitsremoteness,itwasoneofthelastlandstobesettledbyhumans.Duringitslongperiodofisolation,NewZealanddevelopedadistinctivebiodiversityofanimal,fungalandplantlife.Thecountry'svariedtopographyanditssharpmountainpeaks,suchastheSouthernAlps,owemuchtothetectonicupliftoflandandvolcaniceruptions.NewZealand'scapitalcityisWellington,whileitsmostpopulouscityisAuckland.
Somewherebetween1250and1300CE,PolynesianssettledintheislandsthatweretobecomeNewZealand,anddevelopedadistinctiveMāoriculture.In1642,AbelTasman,aDutchexplorer,becamethefirstEuropeantosightNewZealand.[11]In1840,representativesoftheBritishCrownandMāoriChiefssignedtheTreatyofWaitangi,makingNewZealandaBritishcolony.Today,themajorityofNewZealand'spopulationof4.5millionisofEuropeandescent;theindigenousMāoriarethelargestminority,followedbyAsiansandPacificIslanders.Reflectingthis,NewZealand'scultureismainlyderivedfromMāoriandearlyBritishsettlers,withrecentbroadeningarisingfromincreasedimmigration.TheofficiallanguagesareEnglish,MāoriandNewZealandSignLanguage,withEnglishpredominant.
NewZealandisadevelopedcountrywithamarketeconomythatisdominatedbytheexportsofdairyproducts,meatandwine,alongwithtourism.NewZealandisaWorldBankhigh-incomeeconomyandrankshighlyininternationalcomparisonsofnationalperformance,suchashealth,education,economicfreedomandqualityoflife.Nationally,legislativeauthorityisvestedinanelected,UnicameralParliament,whileexecutivepoliticalpowerisexercisedbytheCabinet,ledbythePrimeMinister,whoiscurrentlyJohnKey.QueenElizabethIIisthecountry'sheadofstateandisrepresentedbyaGovernor-General.Inaddition,NewZealandisorganisedinto11regionalcouncilsand67territorialauthoritiesforlocalgovernmentpurposes.TheRealmofNewZealandalsoincludesTokelau(adependentterritory);theCookIslandsandNiue(self-governingstatesinfreeassociationwithNewZealand);andtheRossDependency,whichisNewZealand'sterritorialclaiminAntarctica.NewZealandisamemberoftheUnitedNations,CommonwealthofNations,ANZUS,OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment,PacificIslandsForum,andAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation.
EtymologySeealso:
NewZealandplacenames
Detailfroma1657mapshowingthewesterncoastlineof"NovaZeelandia"DutchexplorerAbelTasmansightedNewZealandin1642andcalleditStatenLandt,supposingitwasconnectedtoalandmassofthesamenameatthesoutherntipofSouthAmerica.[12]In1645,DutchcartographersrenamedthelandNovaZeelandiaaftertheDutchprovinceofZeeland.[13][14]BritishexplorerJamesCooksubsequentlyanglicisedthenametoNewZealand.[n6]
Aotearoa(oftentranslatedas"landofthelongwhitecloud")[15]isthecurrentMāorinameforNewZealand.ItisunknownwhetherMāorihadanameforthewholecountrybeforethearrivalofEuropeans,withAotearoaoriginallyreferringtojusttheNorthIsland.[16]Māorihadseveraltraditionalnamesforthetwomainislands,includingTeIka-a-Māui(thefishofMāui)fortheNorthIslandandTeWaipounamu(thewatersofgreenstone)orTeWakaoAoraki(thecanoeofAoraki)fortheSouthIsland.[17]EarlyEuropeanmapslabelledtheislandsNorth(NorthIsland),Middle(SouthIsland)andSouth(StewartIsland/Rakiura).[18]In1830,mapsbegantouseNorthandSouthtodistinguishthetwolargestislandsandby1907,thiswastheacceptednorm.[19]TheNewZealandGeographicBoarddiscoveredin2009thatthenamesoftheNorthIslandandSouthIslandhadneverbeenformalised,andnamesandalternativenameswereformalisedin2013.ThissetthenamesasNorthIslandorTeIka-a-Māui,andSouthIslandorTeWaipounamu.[20]Notethatforeachisland,eitheritsEnglishorMāorinamecanbeused,orbothcanbeusedtogether.
HistoryMainarticle:
HistoryofNewZealand
TheMāoripeoplearemostlikelydescendedfrompeoplewhoemigratedfromTaiwantoMelanesiaandthentravelledeastthroughtotheSocietyIslands.Afterapauseof70to265years,anewwaveofexplorationledtothediscoveryandsettlementofNewZealand.[21]NewZealandwasoneofthelastmajorlandmassessettledbyhumans.Radiocarbondating,evidenceofdeforestation[22]andmitochondrialDNAvariabilitywithinMāoripopulations[23]suggestNewZealandwasfirstsettledbyEasternPolynesiansbetween1250and1300,[17][24]concludingalongseriesofvoyagesthroughthesouthernPacificislands.[25]Overthecenturiesthatfollowed,thesesettlersdevelopedadistinctculturenowknownasMāori.Thepopulationwasdividedintoiwi(tribes)andhapū(subtribes)whowouldsometimescooperate,sometimescompeteandsometimesfightagainsteachother.Atsomepoint,agroupofMāorimigratedtotheChathamIslands(whichtheynamedRēkohu)wheretheydevelopedtheirdistinctMorioriculture.[26][27]TheMorioripopulationwasallbutwipedoutbetween1835and1862,largelybecauseofTaranakiMāoriinvasionandenslavementinthe1830s,althoughEuropeandiseasesalsocontributed.In1862,only101survivedandthelastknownfull-bloodedMorioridiedin1933.[28]
ThefirstEuropeansknowntohavereachedNewZealandwereDutchexplorerAbelTasmanandhiscrewin1642.[29]Inahostileencounter,fourcrewmemberswerekilledandatleastoneMāoriwashitbycanistershot.[30]EuropeansdidnotrevisitNewZealanduntil1769whenBritishexplorerJamesCookmappedalmosttheentirecoastline.[29]FollowingCook,NewZealandwasvisitedbynumerousEuropeanandNorthAmericanwhaling,sealingandtradingships.Theytradedfood,metaltools,weaponsandothergoodsfortimber,food,artifactsandwater.[31]TheintroductionofthepotatoandthemuskettransformedMāoriagricultureandwarfare.Potatoesprovidedareliablefoodsurplus,whichenabledlongerandmoresustainedmilitarycampaigns.[32]TheresultingintertribalMusketWarsencompassedover600battlesbetween1801and1840,killing30,000–40,000Māori.[33]Fromtheearly19thcentury,ChristianmissionariesbegantosettleNewZealand,eventuallyconvertingmostoftheMāoripopulation.[34]TheMāoripopulationdeclinedtoaround40percentofitspre-contactlevelduringthe19thcentury;introduceddiseaseswerethemajorfactor.[35]
TheWaitangisheetfromtheTreatyofWaitangiIn1788CaptainArthurPhillipassumedthepositionofGovernorofthenewBritishcolonyofNewSouthWaleswhichaccordingtohiscommissionincludedNewZealand.[36]TheBritishGovernmentappointedJamesBusbyasBritishResidenttoNewZealandin1832followingapetitionfromnorthernMāori.[37]In1835,followinganannouncementofimpendingFrenchsettlementbyCharlesdeThierry,thenebulousUnitedTribesofNewZealandsentaDeclarationoftheIndependencetoKingWilliamIVoftheUnitedKingdomaskingforprotection.[37]Ongoingunrest,theproposedsettlementofNewZealandbytheNewZealandCompany(whichhadalreadysentitsfirstshipofsurveyorstobuylandfromMāori)andthedubiouslegalstandingoftheDeclarationofIndependencepromptedtheColonialOfficetosendCaptainWilliamHobsontoclaimsovereigntyforGreatBritainandnegotiateatreatywiththeMāori.[38]TheTreatyofWaitangiwasfirstsignedintheBayofIslandson6February1840.[39]InresponsetotheNewZealandCompany'sattemptstoestablishanindependentsettlementinWellington[40]andFrenchsettlerspurchasinglandinAkaroa,[41]HobsondeclaredBritishsovereigntyoverallofNewZealandon21May1840,eventhoughcopiesoftheTreatywerestillcirculatingthroughoutthecountryforMāoritosign.[42]WiththesigningoftheTreatyanddeclarationofsovereigntythenumberofimmigrants,particularlyfromtheUnitedKingdom,begantoincrease.[43]
PaintingofMountEarnslawbyJohnTurnbullThomson,oiloncanvas,1888NewZealand,stillpartofthecolonyofNewSouthWales,becameaseparateColonyofNewZealandon1July1841.[44]Thecolonygainedarepresentativegovernmentin1852andthefirstParliamentmetin1854.[45]In1856thecolonyeffectivelybecameself-governing,gainingresponsibilityoveralldomesticmattersotherthannativepolicy.(Controlovernativepolicywasgrantedinthemid-1860s.)[45]FollowingconcernsthattheSouthIslandmightformaseparatecolony,premierAlfredDomettmovedaresolutiontotransferthecapitalfromAucklandtoalocalityneartheCookStrait.[46]Wellingtonwaschosenforitsharbourandcentrallocation,withparliamentofficiallysittingthereforthefirsttimein1865.Asimmigrantnumbersincreased,conflictsoverlandledtotheNewZealandWarsofthe1860sand1870s,resultinginthelossandconfiscationofmuchMāoriland.[47]
In1891theLiberalPartyledbyJohnBallancecametopowerasthefirstorganisedpoliticalparty.TheLiberalGovernment,laterledbyRichardSeddon,passedmanyimportantsocialandeconomicmeasures.In1893NewZealandwasthefirstnationintheworldtograntallwomentherighttovote[48]andin1894pioneeredtheadoptionofcompulsoryarbitrationbetweenemployersandunions.[49]In1898Seddo
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