tecreport.docx
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tecreport.docx
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tecreport
Researchproposals
Aproposalisadescriptionoftheworkyouwillcompleteonaproject.Thedetailsincludedinaproposaldependontheproject'sscopeandwhowillreadthedocument.Generallyyoufirstdeterminethataproblemexists,andtherefore,proposesolutionstoanorganization.Inthiscase,youmustfirstconvincetheagency/peoplethattheproblemexistsbeforeproposingyoursolutions.
Differenttypesofproposalsarenecessaryfordifferentprojects.Inacademia,engineersproducegrantproposalsorresearchproposalsinordertoreceivefundingfromgovernmentagenciesandnon-profitorganizations.Inindustry,engineers,especiallyconsultants,writeproposalsor"bids."Engineersproducetheseproposalsforthecompanywheretheyareworkingorforotherorganizations.
Aproposal'saudienceisthosesupportingtheproposedproject.Thedetailsyouprovideinaproposalmaychange,dependingonyouraudience.Forinstance,ifyousubmitaProposaltoyourcompany'smanagement,youmaynothavetoincludeprojectcostsorotherbackgroundinformation.Ontheotherhand,ifyouproduceaproposalforanorganizationoutsideyourcompany,youmayneedtoprovidemoredetails.Thesedetailsmightincludearationaleforwhytheyshouldfundyourproject,aswellasthenecessarymaterialsandcosts.Beforewritingaproposal,youshouldalwaysresearchyouraudience'sbackground.Thisway,youwillhaveabetterideaaboutwhatinformationtoincludeinyourproposal.
Table1.Thegeneralformatofaresearchproposal
Titlepage(asshortandinformativeaspossible)
Abstract(usu.nomorethan200words)
Tableofcontents
Introduction
Problemaddressed
Purposeorobjectivesofproposedactivities
Significanceofproposedactivity
Background
Descriptionofproposedactivity
Planforaccomplishingobjectives
Planforevaluatingresults
Scheduleforprojectcompletion
Institutionalresourcesandcommitments
Listofreferences(foraboutsixormorereferences)
Personnel
Explanationofproposedstaffing
Relevantexperienceofmajorpersonnel
Budget
Budgetintabularform
Justificationofbudgetitems
Appendixes
Table2:
Titlepage
PROPOSALFOREXTENSIONOF
NASAGRANTNSG1306
MODELSANDTECHNIQUESFOREVALUATINGTHE
EFFECTIVENESSOFARICRAFTCOMPUTINGSYSTEMS
INREPLYREFERTO
DRDA81-2096-P1
Submittedtothe
NATIONALAERONAUTICSANDSPACEADMINSITRATION
LANGLEYRESEARCHCENTER
HAMPTON,VIRGINIA23365
submittedbythe
SYSTEMSENGINEERINGLABORATORY
DEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALANDCOMPUTERENGINEERING
THEUNIVERSITYOFMICHIGAN
ANNARBOR,MICHIGAN48109
PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR:
JohnF.Meyer
PROPOSEDSTARTINGDATE:
1July2000
PROPOSEDDURATION:
1year
AMOUNTREQUIRED:
1year
∙Introduction
∙Qualifications
∙Background
∙WorkSchedule
∙ProposalStatement
∙Costs
∙Results
∙Conclusion
∙Methodology
Introduction
Introductionprovidesinformationabouttheneedforaproposal.Inotherwords,hereiswhereyoustatewhyyouarewritingtheproposalinthefirstplace.Youshouldalsoprovideanoverviewofwhattherestoftheproposalincludes.
Qualifications
Youshouldshowthatyouandyourorganization(ifapplicable)areskilledandcapableofcompletingtheproposedworksuccessfully.Youshouldviewthissectionasa"resume"sinceinit,youwilldepictyourskillsandexperiences.Ifyouraudienceisyoursupervisororothermanagingdecision-makers,thenyoumaynotneedtoincludethissection.
Background
IntheBackgroundsection,youshoulddepicttheproblem/situationthatleadtoyourwritingaproposal.Here,youshouldshowthatyouthoroughlyunderstandtheproblem.IfyouraudiencealreadyknowstheBackground,youmaynotneedtoincludethissection.Forexample,yoursupervisororothermanagingdecision-makersmayalreadybefamiliarwiththespecificproblem.Therefore,youdon'tneedtotellthemwhattheyalreadyknow
WorkSchedule
TheWorkSchedulesectiondoesexactlywhatitsnameimplies:
Itpresentsthetimeframeinwhichyouwillcompletetheproposedwork.Thissectioninformsyouraudienceofwhattoexpectfromyouandwhen.Italsohelpstokeepyouorganized.If,afteryoubeginworking,youareunabletokeepthisschedule,youshouldalwayscommunicatechangesindeadlinestotheappropriatepeople.
ProposalStatement
IntheProposalStatementsection,youshouldinformyouraudienceofexactlywhatyouareproposing.Youshouldalsoincludewhatyouaren'tproposing.Forexample,ifyouareproposingpartialworkonaproject,statethisandthenverifywhatyourworkwillnotinclude.
Costs
IntheCostsection,youshouldpresentwhatcostsyouanticipateyourprojectwillinvolve.Todothis,divideyourexpensesintocategoriesandprovidedollarfigures.Forexample,laborcostsforeachworker,materials,etc.Then,youmightprovideatotalcost.
Results
IntheResultssection,youshoulddiscusstheoutcomeofyourproposal.Thetypesofoutcomesresultingfromaproposalcoverawiderange.Forexample,youmaybecreatingadesign,buildinganactualconstruction,orevenproducingalengthyreport.BesuretostateexactlywhattheResultswillbe.
Conclusion
TheConclusionsectionissimilartotheendingofacoverletter.Here,youshouldsummarizewhyyoushouldbeconsideredandhowyoucanbecontacted.Youmightalsoreiteratewhyyouarethebestpersonorgroupfortheproject.
Methodology
IntheMethodologysection,youshouldpresenthowyouwillcompletetheproject'swork.ThisissimilartoaLabReport'sProceduressectioninthatyouhavetodiscussthestepsyouwillhavetakentoreachafinalgoal.
Thekeycomponentsofaresearchproposalare
●Adescriptionoftheresearchproblems
●Anargumentastowhytheproblemisimportant
●Areviewliteraturerelevanttotheresearchproblem
●Adescriptionoftheproposedresearchmethodology
●Adescriptionofhowtheresearchfindingswillbeusedand/ordisseminated
●OutlineforGrantProposals
Manyfundingagenciesorfoundationswillgiveyouguidelinestofollowinwritingyourproposal.Followthemexactly!
Mostofthemfollowasequencelikethefollowing.Iftheygiveyoufewornoinstructions,followanoutlinelikethisone.
1.Abstract/Introduction:
usu.aonepagesummaryofyourproposal.Youshouldprovideaparagraphortwotointroducethereadertotheproblemandyoursolutiontoit.Theabstractorintroductionshouldbethelastthingyouwrite.Itisthefirstorsecondpartthatmostreaderswilllookat,soit'sagoodchancetogettheirattention.
2.TheProblem,oryourneedstatement.Youneedtoconvincethereaderthataburningneedexists,thataterribleproblemisouttherecryingforasolution.Don'tlie,butdon'tholdback.Ifyoucan'tconvincethereaderthataproblemexists,youhaveabsolutelynochanceofgettingthegrant.
Statisticsworkwellinthissection.Inafacultydevelopmentproposalaimedatincreasingthenumberofsabbaticalswecanoffer,forinstance,wemightdemonstratethat83%ofthefacultyhavebeenatourinstitutionformorethan15years,thatonly4%havehadasabbatical,andthatonly13%havetaughtorstudiedatanotherinstitutionsincetheyreceivedtheirgraduatedegrees.Inaproposalintendedtopurchasemorecomputersforfacultywemightarguethatarecentcampussurveyindicatesthatonly31%offacultyandteachingacademicstaffhaveaccesstoacomputer,whereas84%requirecomputersfortheirteachingandresearch.Usewhateverstatisticswillhelpyouconvincethereaderthatyouhaveaproblem.
3.TheSolution,orhowyouwillsolvetheproblemyoudescribedsodramaticallyin#2.Thissectionshouldoutlinehowyouwilladdresstheproblem.Setoneortwooverallgoals(e.g.toprovideastructureforfacultyrenewal;toprovideopportunitiesforfacultytobecomeacquaintedwithcurrenttechnology).Andlistasetofspecificobjectiveswhichwillhelpyoureachyourgoals.Everyobjectiveshouldbemeasurable(providethreenewsemestersabbaticalsforfacultyduring1995-96,sixduring1996-97,nineeveryyearthereafter;identifyaneducationaltechnologyconsultantbyMarch1,1995,bringhertocampusforanenvironmentalscanbyJune,1995,arrangeworkshopsforfacultybySeptember,1995,purchase25computersforfacultyusebyOctober,1995,anadditional25computersbyMarch,1996;etc.)Undereachobjective,listtheactivitiesyouwillcarryouttoachievetheobjective.
Finally,includesomesortofchronology.Youshouldhavelistedtargetdatesineachobjective.Providingatimelineorchartaswellmakesiteasierforthereadertoseethescopeoftheentireproject.
Manygrantwritersaretemptedtoincludeeverythingtheyknow,oreverythingwhichistrue,inthissection.Don'tdoit.Rememberthatyouarewritingthisdocumenttoconvincesomeoneelsetogiveyousomemoney,nottodemonstratehowwonderfulyourcollegeisorhowsmartyouare.Theruletofollow:
ifit'snotrelevanttotheproblemanditssolution,leaveitout.
4.Evaluation,orhowyouwilldemonstratethatyoursolutionwillsolvetheproblem.Almostallfundingagenciesandfoundationsexpectyoutotellthemhowyouwillevaluatethesuccessofyourproject.Yourevaluationplanmayberigorous,withmeasuresofpersonsserved,degreesawarded,andjobsfound,oritmaybeinformal--interviewingparticipantstoseehowtheylikedwhatyoudid,forexample.Thedegreeofrigordependsonthenatureoftheprojectandthefundingsource.Frequentlysourceswilltellyouintheapplicationkitwhatsortofevaluationtheyexpect.Iftheydon'ttellyou,callthemupandask.
Ingeneral,callingfundingsourcesforinformationisagoodthingtodo.Governm
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