考研英语一讲义.docx
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考研英语一讲义.docx
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考研英语一讲义
2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
英语
(一)试题
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
①Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.②Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.③Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.
①WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.②Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.③Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.④Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.⑤“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare’.”
①Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.②NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.③Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.④Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.⑤Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.
①IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?
②Theprospectseemsremote.③Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.④Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.(428words)
21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that______.
[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers
[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews
[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders
[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies
22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby______.
[A]freethemes
[B]casualstyle
[C]elaboratelayout
[D]radicalviewpoints
23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?
[A]Itiswriters’dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.
[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.
[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.
[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays
[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism
[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory
Text2
①Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.②Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.③MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.④Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.
①Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.②Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.③InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.④It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”
①Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.②Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.③Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.④In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.⑤Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
①TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.②TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.
①TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.②LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.③ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.(430words)
26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof_________.
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinesses
[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting
[D]thecontroversyovertheirauthorization
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.
[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.
[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.
[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans_________.
[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility
[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity
29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents_________.
[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges
[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued
[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders
[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.
[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.
[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.
Text3
①InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.②Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.
①Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication”:
Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.②Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.③Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.④Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.⑤Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.
①Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.②Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredatall.
①Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:
WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.②Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.③Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,and
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