优质研究生英语精读课程 unit1 课文和练习.docx
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优质研究生英语精读课程 unit1 课文和练习.docx
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优质研究生英语精读课程unit1课文和练习
YouAreWhatYouThink
Andifyouchangeyourmind—frompessimismtooptimism—youcanchangeyourlife
ClaipeSafran
[1]Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?
Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?
Suddenlytheseclichésarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.
[2]Afast-growingbodyofresearch—104studiessofar,involvingsome15000people—isprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression﹡,lonelinessandpainfulshyness."Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,"sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston,"itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills."
[3]"Yourabilitiescount,"explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,"butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill."Inpart,that'sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.
[4]Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.
[5]Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.
[6]Howdidtheydoit?
Thesecrettoanoptimist'ssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhis"explanatorystyle".Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself."I'mnogoodatthis,"hesays,"Ialwaysfail."Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.
[7]CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,"Ican'tdothis."Optimiststoldthemselves,"Ineedtotryadifferentapproach."
[8]Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy."Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,"saysAnderson,"theydon'tbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed."
[9]Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefate'splaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesn'tseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.
[10]Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustify—andsometimesthat'swhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.
[11]Optimismwon'tcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseases—
hypertension,diabetes,heartailments—amongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.
[12]Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimist'sfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebody'snaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesn'ttakegoodcareofhimself.Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelife'sblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Hemunchesonjunkfood,avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdrink.
[13]Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism,butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother.Itisapatternofthinkinglearned“atyourmother‘sknee”,saysSeligman.Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautionsorencouragements,negativestatementsorpositiveones.Toomany“don’ts”andwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent,fearful—andpessimistic.
[14]Astheygrow,childrenexperiencesmalltriumphs,suchaslearningtotieshoelaces.Parentscanhelpturnthesesuccessesintoasenseofcontrol,andthatbreedsoptimism.
[15]Pessimismisahardhabittobreak—butitcanbedone.Inaseriesoflandmarkstudies,Dr.CarolDweckoftheUniversityofIllinoishasbeenworkingwithchildrenintheearlygradesofschool.Asshehelpsflounderingstudentstochangetheexplanationsfortheirfailures—from"Imustbedumb"to"Ididn'tstudyhardenough“—theiracademicperformanceimproves.
[16]Pittsburgh'sDr.Levywonderedifturningpatientsintooptimistswouldlengthentheirlives.Inapilotstudy,twogroupsofcolon﹡-cancerpatientsweregiventhesamemedicaltreatment,butsomewerealsogivenpsychologicalhelptoencourageoptimism.Resultsshowedthatthisworked.Nowamajorstudyisplannedtodeterminewhetherthispsychologicalchangecanalterthecourseofthedisease.
[17]So,ifyou'reapessimist,there'sreasonforoptimism.Youcanchange.Here'show,saysSteveHollon,apsychologistatVanderbiltUniversity:
[18]1.Paycarefulattentiontoyourthoughtswhenbadthingshappen.Writedownthefirstthingthatcomestomind,uneditedanduncensored.
[19]2.Nowtryanexperiment.Dosomethingthat'scontrarytoanynegativereactions.Let'ssaysomethinghasgonewrongatwork.Doyouthink,Ihatemyjob,butIcouldnevergetabetterone?
Actasifthatweren'tso.Sendoutresumés.Gotointerviews.Lookintotrainingandcheckjobleads.
[20]3.Keeptrackofwhathappens.Wereyourfirstthoughtsrightorwrong?
"Ifyourthoughtsareholdingyouback,changethem,"saysHollon."It'strialanderror,noguarantees,butgiveyourselfachance."
[21]Positivethinkingleadstopositiveaction,andreaction.Whatyouexpectfromtheworld,theevidencesuggests,iswhatyou'relikelytoget.
1.Thosepeoplewho"keeptheireyeuponthedoughnutratherthanonthehole"_______.
A.areconsideredpositive-thinkersbytheauthor
B.arelikelytoseetheirglassashalfempty
C.viewtheirsuccessesandfailuresmoreobjectively
D.havesuddenlybecometheobjectofscientificresearchonclichés
2.Anoptimist_______.
A.isalwaysincontrolofhisownlife
B.oftenoverestimateshisabilities
C.mightlivelongerthanapessimistwhensufferingfromcertainillnesssuchascancer
D.encountersdifferentchallengesanddisappointmentsfromapessimist
3.Thepessimist________.
A.seldomsucceedsinwhathedoes
B.attributeshissuccesstoluck
C.triesdifferentapproacheswhenhisfirstattemptfails
D.knowshowtotakegoodcareofhimself
4.TheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCompanyhired100newemployeesbecause________.
A.theyfailedthestandardindustrytest
B.theirhighscoresonoptimismimpressedthecompany
C.theywerenotlikelytobehiredbyothercompanies
D.thecompanywasimpressedbytheresultofastudydonebysomepsychologists
5.The100newemployees______.
A.sold37%moreinsurancethantheaveragerepresentatives
B.sold20%moreinsurancethanthenegativethinkers
C.sold10%moreinsurancethanlongtimerepresentatives
D.provedthattheycoulddobetteratsellinginsurancethanthecompany’saveragesalesrepresentative
6.AccordingtoSeligman,thesecrettoanoptimist’ssuccesscanbefoundin“hisexplanatorystyle”,bywhichhemeansthattheoptimist________.
A.isabletoexplainmoreclearlytothecustomers
B.soundsmorepleasantinhisexplanation
C.triestofindfaultswithotherfactorsotherthaninhimselfforhisfailure
D.hasmoreconfidenceinhimselfthaninothers
7.Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethattheauthorthinksthat_______.
A.peoplewillbeabletopreventdepressionandpainfulshynessiftheylearntothinkmorepositively
B.businesscompaniesmightmakebetterjudgmentiftheytesttheattitudesoftheapplicantsinsteadofgivingthemthestandardindustrytestbeforehiringthem
C.oneismorelikelytosucceedthenexttimeifoneisabletolayblamesonotherswhenonehasfailed
D.one’sbeliefthatonecansucceedwillguaranteehissuccess
8.Whetherpositiveornegative,aperson’sattitudetowardslifeisathinkinghabit_______.
A.inheritedfromeitherofhisparents
B.formedwhenheisveryyoung
C.acquiredafterhehasgainedconsiderableexperience
D.nevertobegotridof
9.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?
A.Mostpeoplecannotbeconvenientlyputunderthecategoryofoptimistorpessimist.
B.Therearemorepositivethinkersamongoptimiststhanamongpessimists.
C.Itisnotsureyetwhetherpsychologicaltreatmentwillhelpcancerpatients.
D.Bylookingintotrainingopportunitiesandcheckingjobleads,apessimistwillbecomeanoptimist.
10.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthestepsmentionedbytheauthorinformingamorepositiveattitudetowardslife?
A.Documentyourgloomythoughts.
B.Dosomethingagainstyournegativeinclination.
C.Recordwhathappen
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