最新学术英语习题及部分答案.docx

最新学术英语习题及部分答案.docx

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最新学术英语习题及部分答案

TrainingandPracticeforEnglishforAcademicPurposes

PartI

1.Discussthefollowingquestions.

Whatarebasicprinciplestheresearchersmusttrytofollowwhentheywritetheirresearchpapers?

Andwouldyoupleaselistsomedeadlysinsaresearchermustavoidwhentheywanttopublisharesearchpaper?

Whatarethemaincontentsofaresearchpaper?

2.TranslatethefollowingChineseintroductionintoEnglish.

提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究

近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机（crane）的研究兴趣与日俱增。

起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机（cherrypickers）到巨型塔式起重机（hugetowercranes），是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。

由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变（constantlychangingworkingenvironment）,操作者（operator）责任重大（heavyreliance）。

过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。

起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出（outstrip）了人们安全使用的能力？

本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。

Inrecentyears,researchershavebecomemoreinterestedincraneresearch.Thevarietyofcranes,fromcherrypickerstogianttowercranes,isoneofthemostimportantequipmentonconstructionsites.Asaresultofthechangingworkingenvironmentoftheconstructioncrane,operatorisresponsibleforheavyreliance.Overthepastfewdecades,thetechnologyofoverweightmachineshasbeenchangingrapidly,buttheoperatorshavebeenslowtocooperatewithotherworkersincollaboration.Thepaceofdevelopmentofcranesissorapidthatweseemtobeaskingwhetherinsomerespects,theoutstriphasexceededtheabilityofpeopletosafelyuseit.Thispaperaimstoexplorehowtoimprovecraneproductivityandraiserelatedsecuritymeasuresthroughtheintroductionofnewequipment,soastoprovidenewideasfortheapplicationandcaseofnewcranes.

3.Youarewritingaresearchpaperentitled“TheEffectsofRadiationfromtheSunonLifeonEarth”.Inyourintroductionyouneedtoreview,ingeneralterms,howthesunsupportslifeontheearth.PrepareanIntroductionsectionforyourpaperbasedontheinformationbelow.

⏹Distancefromtheearth:

92,976,000miles

⏹TheSun’senergycomesfromnuclearfusionofhydrogentohelium.

⏹Intenseradiation,includinglethalultravioletradiation,arrivesattheearth’souteratmosphere.

⏹Ozoneinthestratosphereprotectslifeonearthfromexcessiveultravioletradiation.

⏹Theseasonsoftheearth’sclimateresultsfrom

（1）the23.30tiltoftheearth’saxisofrotationfromthenormaltotheplaneoftheearth’sorbitaroundtheSun,

（2）thelargecoverageareaofwaterontheearth（about75%oftheearth’ssurface）,and（3）therotationoftheearthwithassociatedgenerationofjet-streampatterns.

⏹Radiationpassingthroughtheearth’satmospherelosesmostshort-waveradiation,butsomearrivingatthesurfaceisconvertedintoinfraredradiationwhichisthentrappedbywatervaporandothertri-atomicmoleculesinthetroposphereandstratosphere,causingglobalwarming.

⏹Lifeonearthismaintainedfromphotosynthesisandconversionofcarbondioxidetooxygenbyplants.

4.TranslatethefollowingpartsofsentencesinIntroductionintoproperEnglish.

（1）过去对……的研究工作说明……

Thepreviousworkon…hasindicatedthat…

（2）A在1932年做了关于……的早期研究。

Earlystudyon…werereportedin1932byA.

（3）文献资料未能证明······

Literaturefailedtoprove…

Book:

Thedataavailableinliteraturefailedtoprove…

（4）在······方面没有相关的发现。

Theredon’thaveanyrelateddiscoveriesin…

（5）此类方法的主要缺点是······

Themaindefectofthiskindofmethodis…

（6）尽管它们······，但缺点是：

更加复杂，成本高，无法大量供应。

Althoughthey…,theyaremorecomplicatedandcostlyandcannotbesuppliedinlargequantities.

Despitetheir…,butthedrawbackis:

morecomplex,costly,notalotofsupply.

（7）尽管在······方面做了大量研究，但在······方面却少有研究

Althoughalargeamountofresearchhasbeendoneon…,therearefewstudieson…

（8）近年来对······的研究已引起足够关注。

Inrecentyears,theresearchof…hasattractedenoughattention.

（9）本文讨论了计算……的方法。

Thearticlediscusswaystocalculate...

（10）本文旨在阐述……

Thispaperaimstoillustrate…

Theaimofthispaperistoillustrate/elaborate…

（11）研究结果表明……

Theresultsoftheresearchshowthat…

（12）本文的组织结构如下。

第二部分介绍了……第三部分提出新的设计意义。

第四部分得出试验结果证实该理论的结论。

Thispaperisorganizedasfollows.

SectionIIisabriefintroductionto…

SectionIIIdealswith…

SectionIVgivesnewdesignimplications….

SectionVconcludeswithexperimentalresultssupportingthetheory.

5.TranslatetheChinesephrasesandsentencesinMaterialsandMethodsintoEnglish.（Payattentiontothetensesandvoices）

（1）本次试验的目的是要确定......,从而为......方面的研究提供坚实的基础。

Thepurposeofthisexperimentistodetermine...,soastoprovideasolidfoundation/basisfortheresearchof…

（2）实验中采用两组化合物，第组是......,包含......和......

Twogroupsofcompositionsareusedintheexperiments.Thefirstgroupis…,contains…and…

（3）实验设备主要包括······

Experimentalequipmentmainlyincludes…

（4）为解决以上问题，本文运用······理论。

Inordertosolvetheaboveproblems,thispaperappliesthetheoryof…

（5）按以下步骤进行有氧试验。

Aerobictestaccordingtothefollowingsteps.

（6）本文采用的方法与其他方法相比有以下几点不同。

Themethoduesdinthispaperisdifferentfromothersmethodsinthefollowingpoints.

（7）与其它方法相比，（本方法）的优点是在······方面更准确。

Theadvantageof（thismethod）overothermethodsisthatitismoreaccurateintermsof…

（8）90名符合以上所述要求的······参加了本项研究。

Ninety…whomettheaboverequirementsparticipatedinthestudy.

6.PrepareashortsectionofFieldMethodsonthebasisofthefollowinginformation.

⏹Mapsused:

GeologicandtopographicmapspreparedbytheU.S.GeologicalSurveyandSouthDakotaStateGeologicalSurvey.

⏹Periodoffieldwork:

April-September,2013;June,July,2014.

⏹Personnel:

you,andtwoMaster’sDegreecandidatestudents（theywillusethisstudyfortheirresearchdegree）

⏹Vehicle:

Four-wheeldriveFordsuburban

⏹Equipment:

Bruntoncompasses,plane-tableandalidade,aerialphotographsandstereoviewers,rockpicks,digitalcameras,samplingbagsandlabels.

⏹Weatherconditionsduringthefieldwork:

rainandsnow,earlyApril;thunderstorms,July.

7.CompletethefollowingsentencesinResultsbytranslatingtheChinesephrasesintoEnglish.

（1）（尽管我们研究中的被调查者来自于两个不同的国家），culturallyandsociallybaseddifferencesinwaitingtimeresponse（在···方面的进一步对比是非常有意义的）。

Althoughtherespondentsinourstudywerefromtwodifferentcountries…

Thefurthercontrastbetweenthetwo…isverymeaningful.

（2）（今后有关于···的研究）theeffectiveorcognitiveprocessbehindconsumersevaluationsandexpectationsforwaitingtime.

Researchon…inthefuture

Thepurposeofthisstudyistodetermine（本次研究的目的是确定）theeffectsofaguidetubedesignontheturbineefficiency.Testresultsshowthat（试验结果表明）,itcanclearlybeseenthattheguidetubehasneedscarefullydesign（经过精心设计）theoperatingconditionsofthecross-flowturbine.Theguidetubeusedinthisstudywillnotimprovetheefficiencyoftheturbinebecause（不会提高涡轮机的效率因为）achokingeffect.

Thepurposeofthisstudyistodetermine…

Testresultsshowthat…

Carefullydesign…

Willnotimprovetheefficiencyoftheturbinebecause

8.Describethefollowingpiechartbasedontheinformationyoucansee,andthenshowyourresults.

Fig.2ScientificdisciplinesforElsevierpublication（2016）

9.WritinganEnglishConclusionaccordingtotheinformationgiven.

Overviewoftheresearch:

Newbucklingsolutionsforregularpolygonalelliptical,semicircularandannularMindlinplatesunderisotropicinplaneloads.

Directionsforfutureresearch:

otherloadingconditions,suchasshearloading,partialloadingsandnon-uniformloadingsattheedges;boundaryconditionsinvolvingpointsupports,mixededgeconditionsandelasticrestraints.

10.TranslatesomeoftheexpressionsfromDiscussionpartofapaper.

（1）Thisresearchinvestigatedtheeffectsoftwodifferentlearningmethods.

本研究探讨了两种不同学习方法的效果。

（2）Thedatareportedheresuggestthatthereactionratemaybedeterminedbythemountsofoxygenavailable.

数据表明，含氧量决定了反应速度。

（3）最终，我们相信本文提出的设想会在诸如机器人技术等领域有更广泛的应用。

Ultimately,webelievethattheproposedvisionwouldhavebroaderapplicationinareassuchasrobotics.

（4）然而，对······的要求在实际中存在局限，我们在今后的研究中努力克服该局限。

However,therearepracticallimitationstotherequirementsof...andwewilltrytoovercomethislimitationinfutureresearch.

However,thereisalimitof...requirementsinpractice,westrivetoovercomethislimitationinfuturestudies.

（5）我们相信，将来对······的研究将提高······的性能。

Webelievethatfutureresearchon…willimprovetheperformanceof…

（6）Theexperimentalandtheoreticalvaluesfortheyieldsagreewell.

收益率的实验值和理论值是一样的。

（7）通过引进······可以克服这一缺点，这可以成为将来研究的课题。

Thisshortcomingcanbeovercomebyintroducing…,whichcanbeasubjectoffutureresearch.

11.TranslatethefollowingpartofConclusionintoEnglish.

本文对如下问题进行了研究：

连接到某网址或下载某网页的等待时间（thewaitingtimeneededtoconnectwithcertainwebsitesortodownloadsomewebpages）是如何影响人们对所访问因特网的评价的？

为了回答这个问题，我们开发了一套概念框架和模型，来描述消费者从上网的经历中是如何受益的（deriveutilityfromtheinternetexperience）。

基于Kahnemanetal.（等人）（1997）开发的模型，我们认为影响人们对所访问的因特网评价的还有其他受益因素（fourdifferentconceptsofutility）。

为了验证本模型，我们利用计算机进行了四个实验，实验中被调查对象需要对等待某网上杂志（aninternetmagazine）打开网页进行评价。

Thispaperstudiesthefollowingquestions:

connecttoawebsiteorawebpagedownloadlatency（thewaitingtimeneededtoconnectwithcertainwebsitesortodownloadsomewebpages）isareviewofhowitaffectspeople’saccesstotheinternet?

//（Howdoesthewaitingtimeneedtoconnectwithcertainwebsitesordownloadsomewebpagesaffectpeople'sassessmentofInternetaccess?

）Toanswerthisquestion,wedevelopedasetofconceptualframeworksandmodelstodescribehowconsumersderiveutilityfromtheInternetexperience.BasedonthemodeldevelopedbyKahnemanetal.1997,weconsiderfourdifferentconceptsofutilitythataffectpeople’sevaluationoftheinternettheyvisit.Inorder