英语语言学术语.docx
- 文档编号:10455988
- 上传时间:2023-02-11
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:17
- 大小:24.24KB
英语语言学术语.docx
《英语语言学术语.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语语言学术语.docx(17页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英语语言学术语
Definethefollowingterms:
1.Designfeature:
arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.
2.Function:
theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsincludeinformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.
3.Etic:
atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike'sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasafterthecasewithphoneticvs.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.
4.Emic:
atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike'sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunityratherthanviaappealtotheinvestigator’singenuityorintuitionalone.
5.Synchronic:
akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.
6.Diachronic:
studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.
7.Prescriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.
8.Prescriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.
9.Descriptive:
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.
10.Arbitrariness:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.
11.Duality:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
12.displacement:
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.
13.Phaticcommunion:
onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.
14.Metalanguage:
certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.
15.Macrolinguistics:
theinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnography,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,etc.
16.Competence:
languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.
17.Performance:
theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
18.Langue:
thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.
19.Parole:
theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).
20.Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.
21.Coarticulation:
akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.
22.Voicing:
pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.
23.Broadandnarrowtranscription:
theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.
24.Consonant:
aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.
25.Phoneme:
theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.
26.Allophone:
anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(e.g.
27.Vowel:
aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.
28.Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.
29.Placeofarticulation:
intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.
30.Distinctivefeatures:
atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.
31.Complementarydistribution:
therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.
32.IPA:
theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergoneanumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.
33.Suprasegmental:
suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.
34.Suprasegmental:
aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.
35.Morpheme:
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
36.Compoundmorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37.Inflection:
themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.
38.Affix:
thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).
39.Derivation:
differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.
40.Root:
thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.
41.Allomorph:
anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorphemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.
42.Stem:
anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.
43.Boundmorpheme:
anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dog’s”.
44.Freemorpheme:
anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.
45.Lexeme:
Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyinntheformofaword(e.g.“doginthemanger”)
46.Lexicon:
alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.
47.Grammaticalword:
wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.
48.Lexicalword:
wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.
49.open-class:
awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.
50.Blending:
arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.
51.Loanword:
aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.
52.Loanblend:
aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.
53.Loanshift:
aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.
54.Acronym:
ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.
55.Loss:
thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.
56.Back-formation:
anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.
57.Assimilation:
thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.
58.Dissimilation:
theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.
59.folketymology:
achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous
60.Category:
partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoftermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermofsubject,predicate,etc.
61.Concord:
alsoknownasagreementistherequirementthatthefor
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英语 语言学 术语
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰点文档网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1