国际港口物流中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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国际港口物流中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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国际港口物流中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文:
AnAnalysisoftheefficiencyandCompetitivenessofVietnamesePortSystem
ABSTRACT
Ports,asoneoftheimportantlinksbetweendifferentmodesoftransportwithinthelogisticschain,havespecialessencesincetheirefficiencyandcompetitivenesswillcertainlyhaveanimpactonthechain,andhencethenationalandregionaleconomy.Vietnam,asadevelopingcountrygraduallyintegratingintotheregionalandglobaleconomy,isrationalizingitseconomicsectors,includingtransportation.Inthisenvironment,portsplayavitalroleforthepurposeofachievingcomparativeadvantagesintheinternationalmarket.However,theVietnameseportsystemisburdenedwithoutdatedworkpractices,lowefficiencyandpoorcompetitivenesscomparedtootherportsintheregion.ThispaperidentifiessomeoftheproblemsintheVietnameseportsystemandproposesstrategiestoaddressthem.
Keywords:
Vietnam,port,efficiency,competitiveness,analysis
INTRODUCTION
Thepaperisorganizedinfourmainsections.ThefirstpartsetsthegeneralbackgroundandoverviewonportgeographyinVietnam.ThesecondsectionaddressestheissuesofefficiencyandcompetitivenessoftheVietnameseportsystem.Thethirdpartproposessomedevelopmentstrategiesbasedonpreviousdiscussions,followedbythelastsectionthatsumsupthepaper.
Generalbackground
VietnamislocatedintheIndochinapeninsulainSouthEastAsiaandsharestheborderswithChinaintheNorth,LaosandCambodiaintheWestandhasherEastcoastfacingtheSouthChinaSea.Thecountryissituatedwithinthetropicalzoneandhasatropicalmonsoonclimate.AsVietnamisanarrowandlongcountrystretchingfromthesouthofChinadowntotheGulfofThailand,theseasonsalsovaryfromthenorthtothesouthofthecountry.Inthenorth,therearevisiblyfourseasons;however,thesouthernpartofthecountryexperiencesonlytwoseasonsallyearround,namelythetropicaldryandthetropicalwet.Asfarastidalregimesareconcerned,portsinthenorthseemainlythediurnaltidalregimewhileinthecentralregionthereisacombinationofsemi-diurnal,irregularsemi-diurnalandirregulardiurnalregimes.Inthesouth,thetidalregimesinexistencearesemi-diurnalandirregularsemi-diurnal.
BriefoverviewonportgeographyinVietnam
Vietnamhasmorethan3,000kilometresofcoastlinestretchingfromnorthtosouthofthecountry.TheVietnameseportsystemconsistsofbothportsalongthecoastlineandtheoneslocatedonrivers.AccordingtoVietnamMaritimeBureau(VINAMARINE,2003),therearecurrentlymorethan90portswhichcanreceivevesselsoninternationalvoyagesandseveraldozenofotherportsforinternaltrade.TheVietnamPortAssociation(VPA),whichnowhas40membersallofwhomarecapableofservingvesselsoninternationalvoyages,hastheannualcargothroughputofmorethan80%ofthecountry’stotal.
AnalysisoftheVietnamesePortSystem
InthispartofthestudytheefficiencyandcompetitivenessoftheVietnameseportsystemwillbeanalysedanddiscussed.Themainissuesinvolvingportinstitutionalandadministrativeregimes,aswellasportoperationandmanagementwillbecoveredtorevealthecontemporaryproblemsasfarasefficiencyandcompetitivenessareconcerned.Wherenecessary,comparisonwillbeconductedbetweentheVietnameseportsandsomeothersintheASEANandESCAPregiontofurtherillustratetheanalysisanddiscussion.
Institutionalandadministrativeissues
Fromaholisticpointofview,theinstitutionalandadministrativeissuesofaportsystemareveryimportanttoprovideinitialinformationaboutitsefficiencyandcompetitiveness.Inthissection,differentcategoriesofportmanagementbodyaswellastheroleofportauthoritiesinVietnamwillbeanalysedanddiscussed.
PortmanagementbodyinVietnam
TheportmanagementsysteminVietnamisverydiversified.Examplesinclude:
VINAMARINE,whichisunderdirectcontrolandmanagementoftheMinistryofTransport,managesthreeports–NgheTinhPort,QuiNhonPortandNhaTrangPort.
VINALINES(VietnamNationalShippingLines),whichisalsounderdirectcontrolandmanagementoftheMinistryofTransport,isthestate-ownedcompanyresponsibleforshippingactivitiesinVietnam.Itmanages:
HaiPhongPortandQuangNinhPortinthenorth,DaNangPortinthecentral,SaiGonPortandCanThoPortinthesouth.
Localgovernments,suchascitiesandprovinces,alsotakepartinportmanagement.Forinstance,BenNghePortisdirectlyundersupervisionandmanagementofDepartmentofTransportandPublicWorksofHoChiMinhCity.
Somestate-ownedcorporations,whichareundercontrolofprovincesandcities,alsomanageports.ThisisthecaseofHonKhoiPortmanagedbyasaltcompanyundercontrolofPeople’sCommitteeofKhanhHoaprovince.
TheparticipationofprivatesectorinportmanagementinVietnamisstillverylimited.Nationally,thereareonlytwoportsthathavetheprivatesector’sparticipationsofar:
BaRiaSereceinPhuMy(VungTauprovince)asthejoint-venturebetweenNorway,FrenchandVietnamesepartners;VICTasthejoint-venturebetweenNOLofSingapore,Mitsui&Co.ofJapanandSouthernWaterborneTransportCompanyofVietnam.TheseportsareunderdirectcontrolandmanagementofbothMinistryofTransportandMinistryofPlanningandInvestment.
TheroleofPortAuthority
Thedefinitionofterm‘portauthority’anditsfunctionsinVietnamisverydifferentfromothercountriesintheworld.In1977,aportauthoritywasdefinedas‘State,Municipal,publicorprivatebody,whichislargelyresponsibleforthetasksofconstruction,administrationandsometimestheoperationofportfacilitiesand,incertaincircumstances,forsecurity’(WorldBankPortReformToolkit,2001).Thisdefinitionissufficientlybroadtoaccommodatethevariousportmanagementmodelsexistingintheworld.Italsoindicatesthattheportauthorityplaysanimportantstrategicrolewithwideresponsibilities.Inmostcases,theportauthorityisthelandowneranditcanworkoutgeneralguidelinesforstrategicdevelopmentofownedportsandterminals.
Portoperationandmanagement
Inparallelwithinstitutionalandadministrativeissuesidentifiedabove,variousoperationalandmanagementproblemsatselectedkeyportscanalsobeenidentified.
Pricingpolicy
ThepracticeofmaritimeduesandfeesatportsinVietnamisalsoasdiversifiedastheportadministrationandmanagementsystem.Currentframeworkoffeesandduesareregulatedbydifferentgovernmentagenciesasfollows:
TheMinistryofFinanceregulatesratesfortonnagefee,aids-to-navigation(ATN)fee,wharfageanddocumentaryfee.
TheGovernment’sPricingCommitteeregulatesratesforpilotage,tugservice,mooringandunmooring,wharfage(elaboratedfromratesregulatedbyMinistryofFinance),openingandclosinghatches,cleaningofhatches,rubbishcollection,watersupply,tallying,cargohandlingcharge,cargostoragechargeandequipmenthire/leasing.
Tariffanalysis
Thefollowingtablesindicateacomparativeanalysisbetweentwocasesof3,000TEUclassshipand1,100TEUclassshipvisitingportsintheESCAPregion.Porttariffiscomparedintermsofbothnominalexchangerateandpurchasingpowerparity.
Productivity
InordertofurtherexaminetheefficiencyofcurrentVietnameseports,itisnecessarythatsomekeyperformanceindicatorsareanalysed.Thefollowingrecordsindicatecurrenthandlingproductivityinnormalworkingconditions:
ItcanbeclearlyseenfromtheabovethathandlingproductivityatkeyVietnameseports,withtheexceptionofVICT,isstillrelativelylowcomparedwithotherASEANportsintheregionwhichcanreachabout25boxesperunitcranepernetworkinghour.Thiscanbepartlyexplainedbytheabsenceofspecializedhandlingequipmentlikeship-to-shoregantrycranesatsomeports,skillsofcranedrivers,aswellasinternalmanagementproblems.Handlingproductivityatthequayisveryimportantsinceitdirectlyrelatestothevessel’sturnaroundtimeinports,meaningtheeconomicjustificationforshipoperators.However,portsalsohavearesponsibilitytoensureefficiencyintheirlandsideoperationstosustainanybenefitsofefficiencyinquaysideoperations.
Administrativeprocedures
Vietnameseportsareknownfortheircumbersomeadministrativeproceduresforshipsusingtheirservices.BeforethePrimeMinister’sDecreeNo.55/2002/QD-TTgdated23/04/2002onreformofadministrativeproceduresatseaportscameintoeffecton01/07/2002withexperimentalapplicationatSaiGonPort,theship’sagentneededtogathermorethan30typesofdocumentsforashiptovisitVietnameseports.Moreover,itwasalsotime-consumingsincehehadtoarrangehimselftopickupallrelatedagenciessuchasportauthority,customs,immigration,medicalofficeretcforthesameshipandtakethemonboard.Inpractice,ittookabouthalfdaytogatherallnecessaryrelatedagencies,andaboutthesameamountoftimetobringthemonboardandfinishthejob.Thislengthenedtheships’waitingtime.
Thereformofadministrativeproceduresatseaportsstipulatedthattheportauthorityistheagencytocoordinatewithallotherrelatedagencies,andtheship’sagentonlyneedstosubmitnecessarydocumentstotheportauthority.Asaresultofthesereforms,inHoChiMinhCityarea,thenumberofvesselcallshasincreasedby30%afteroneyearofimplementation.However,suchareformhastobeextendedtoallotherports.
Equipmentandfacilities
Facilitiesandequipmentmakeupthe“hardware”ofanyportsandterminals.Althoughtheycannotprovideanactualjudgmentasproductivityandutiliza
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