欧洲文化笔记1.docx
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欧洲文化笔记1.docx
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欧洲文化笔记1
1.希腊罗马
HomerAuthorofepics
SapphoLyricpoet
三大悲剧家:
AeschylusTragicdramatist
SophoclesTragicdramatist
EuripidesTragicdramatist
喜剧家:
AristophanesComedywriter
历史学家:
HerodotuswroteaboutwarsbetweenGreeksandPersiansFatherofhistory
ThucydideswroteaboutwarsbetweenAthensandSpartaandAthensandSyracuse
thegreatesthistorianthathaveeverlived
哲学和科学:
PythagorasAllthingswerenumbersfounderofscientificmathematics
HeracleitueFireistheprimaryelement
DemocritusMaterialist,oneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheory
SocratesDissectofoneself,virtuewashighworthoflife,dialecticalmethod
PlatoManhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneralideas
AristotleDirectobservation,theoryfollowfact,ideaandmattertogethermade
concreteindividualrealities
Euclidatextbookofgeometry
Archimedeswhenabodyisimmersedinwateritslossofweightisequaltothe
weightofthewaterdisplaced“GivemeaplacetostandandI"llmove
theWorld“
OthersDiogenes(theCynics)Pyrrhon(theSceptics)Epicurus(theEpicureans)Zeno
(theStoics)
4thcenturyB.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,kingofMacedon的领导下,5thcenturyB.C.达到顶峰,146B.C.被罗马攻克
2.基督教和圣经
Jews—以前叫Hebrews,3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠,1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及,开始他们的Exodus,他在Sinai山定了tencommandmentsinthenameofGod,40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine,knownasCanaan,Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament,6thcenturyB.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue(忧太集会)来发扬他们的教义。
JesusChrist生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus,EmperorConstantine1于313年宣布基督教合法,EmperorTheodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。
Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament,旧约包含39本书,写了从1000B.C.——100A.D.的事情,最重要的前五本是Pentateuch,旧约主要由Hebrew写成,theNewTestment主要是Greek的形式,包含14本书,最古老的LatinBible叫Vulgate,在1382年被JohnWycliff翻译成了英语,GreekBible叫Seeptuagint
3.中世纪
开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败
5-11世纪
aperiodinwhichclassical,HebrewandGothicheritagemerged
1054,教堂分裂为theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch
反击Moslems,开始了Crusades
CharlesMartel给士兵们estatesknownasfiefsin732
St.ThomasAquinas(Scholasticism)写了SummaTheologica,这本书sumsupalltheknowledgeofmedievaltheology他认为feudalhierarchy(层次,等级)ofsocietyisGod"sruleThepoweroffeudalrulersisGod"swillPopeisChrist"sPlenipotentiary
CharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatencouragedlearningbysettingupmonasteryschools.TheycopiedvariousancientbooksandtranslatedtheLatinworksintothevenacular
RogerBaconandExperimentalScienceoneoftheearliestadvocatesofscientificresearch,calledforcarefulobservation
Dante(但丁)神曲oneofthelandmarksofworldliterature
ChaucerfirstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature
4.文艺复兴与宗教改革
14thand17thCenturyStartinginFlorenceandVenice
Boccacciothegreatestachievementofprosefictionin中世纪
PetrarchSonnet,fatherofmodernpoetry
文艺复兴早期的艺术家:
Giottoforerunnerofrenaissance
Brunelleschishowedasystematicuseofperspective
Donatellooneofthefirstartistsengagedinanatomy
Giorgionemadehappyuseofcolourschemestounifyhispictures
意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家:
DaVinci
Michelangelo
RaphaelKnownforhis
TitianOilcolorthemostprolificofthegreatVenetianpaintersofWesternWorld
Pre-LutherReligiousReformers
JohnWycliffechiefforerunnerofthereformation,tookupthetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttimein1382
JanHusCzechReligiousleader
JohnCalvin基督教教义oneofthemostinfluentialtheologicalworksCalvinism
Rabelais拉伯雷<巨人传>frenchwriter
RonsardPleiade七星诗社代表人法国第一个近代抒情诗人
Montaigne蒙田散文
集FrenchWriter
CervantesfatherofmodernEuropeannovelspain
ThomasMoreBritishwriter
Shakespeare作品包括<<哈姆雷特>><<麦克白>><<奥瑟罗>><<李尔王>><<威尼斯商人>><<第十二夜>><<皆大欢喜>><<罗密欧与朱丽叶>><<安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>><<亨利四世>><<亨利五世>>crownedliteratureofEngland代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就
CopernicusThefatherofmodernastronomy现代天文学之父
Vesaliusmarkedthebeginningofanewerainthestudyofanatomy(解剖学)founderofmodernmedicine
AldusManutiusforemostprinterinItaly
MachiavelliFatherofpoliticalscience
Vosari
1492,Columbus发现了America
1487,Dias发现了thecapeofgoodhope
1497,daGama发现了theroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHope
5.17世纪
Copernicus天体运行论Althoughhedidnotbelongtothe17thcenturyhewastheforerunnerofmodernmedicine
KeplerKepler"sLaw(thethreelawsofplanetarymotion)德国thethreelawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton"sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation
Galileo意大利accelerationindynamics,thelawofinertia,thelawoffallingbodies动力加速度,惯性定律,落体定律
Newton英国
LeibnizDistinguishesthreelevelsofunderstanding:
self-conscious(自我意识)conscious(意识)unconscious/subconscious(潜意识)他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人
MiltonAreopagitica,Englishrevolution
BaconKnowledgeispower英国反对deductivemethod,创立了inductivemethod认为哲学应该与神学分开
Hobbes利维坦Materialist(knowledgecomefromexperience)SocialContract英国认为最好的统治方式是monarchy
Locke政治论Materialistviews(ideasderivedfromsensationorfromreflection)SocialContract
英国在英国革命中有两个领袖,Cromwell和JohnMilton
Cromwellthemanofaction
JohnMiltonthemanofthought在英国文学史上rankswithShakespearandChaucer
Descartes笛卡尔CartesianDoubtIthinkthereforeIam法国itisgenerallybelievedthatmodernphilosophybeginswithBaconinEnglandandDescartesinFrance
Corneille高乃依熙得法国第一部古典主义悲剧,表现
RacinethegreatesttragicdramatistofFrenchneoclassicaltheatre表现情感和理性的冲突
Moliere达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼thebestrepresentativedramatistofFrenchClassicalcomedies
很多科学器械在被发明:
microscope,telescope,thermometer,barometer,pendulum
1689,theBillofRights建立了theParliament至高无上的权利
法国最著名的建筑:
PalaceofVersaillesGardenFront
EastFrontoftheLouvre
英国最著名建筑:
St.Paul"sCathedral
6.启蒙运动theageofreason
18thcenturyintellectualmovementstartingfromFrance
themostimportantforerunnersoftheenlightenmentweretwo17thcenturyEnglishmenJohnLockeandIssacNewton.Locke"smaterialisttheoryandNewton"stheoryofgravitation
MajorforceoftheenlightenmentisFrenchPhilosophes
18世纪两大著名运动:
TheAmericanWarofIndependence(1776)endedBritishcolonialruleovertheU.S.
独立宣言
TheFrenchRevolution(1789)endedtheFrenchMonarchyandthefirstFrenchRepublicwasbornin1792
人权宣言
FrenchPhilosophyandLiterature
MontesquieuSeparationofpowers
法国启蒙运动的先驱
Voltairemostfamousofhisnovels
RousseauoneofthegreatestfiguresofFrenchenlightenment
Diderot
EnglishLiterature
PopespokesmaninverseoftheAgeofReason,translationofHomer,goodatheroiccouplet擅长英雄双韵体
Defoeoneofthegreatestfictionwriterofthe18thcenturyEngland鲁滨逊漂流记
SwifttheforemostsatiristintheEnglishlanguageandoneofthesatiricmastersofalltime
HenryFieldingFatheroftheEnglishnovel
SamuelRichardsonThefounderofEnglishdomesticnovel
SamuelJohnsoneditorof
18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊TheTatler和TheSpectator,Addison和Steele经常在上面写文章
GermanLiteratureandPhilosophy
LessingGermandramastistGermanclassicism
GoetheApprenticeship/Travels>theGreatestGermanPoets
Schiller
afounderofmodernGermanlitera
ture
KantWaterheadofmodernphilosophyProposethenebularhypothesisHistoryofNatureandTheoryoftheHeavens>reason>
TheMusicalEnlightenment
J. S. BachChristianity MajormusiciansofthemusicalEnlightenment
Handel亨德尔 beinghiscrowningmasterpiece
BachandHandelshowedtheworldBaroquemusicalarchitectureatitsimposingbest
TheBaroqueperiodwasfollowedbytheClassicalPeriod,roughlybetween1750and1820
HaydnClassicalperiodVienneseschool
Mozart
BeethovenoccupyaPivotalposition,leaninginmuchofhisworktowardstheRomanticMovementinMusic
7.浪漫主义Romanticism
late18thandearly19thcenturystartingfromtheideasofRouseauinFranceandfromtheStormandStressMovementinGermany
TheenlightenmentbroughtabouttworevolutionsandtheycausedRomanticismtorise:
theFrenchRevolutionandtheIndustrialrevolution
NeweconomicideaswereputforwardbyAdamSmithinhisbook,whichlaidthetheoreticalgroundworkforcapitalism.
RomanticisminGermany
TheStormandStressMovementpreparedthewayforEuropeanRomanticism
GoethecombinedRomanticismwithClassicism
ItwasLoveandIntriguethatmadeSchillerthebestdramatistfortheStormandStress
TheJenaSchool:
SchlegelBrothers,NovalisandTieck
Heine:
海涅在1836年发表<<论浪漫派>>,宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束
RomanticisminEngland
Blake:
TheLakers:
WordsworthandColeridge
Byron:
isconsideredhismasterpiecethefactthatthe
poetdiedfortheGreekcausesmadehimmorerespectedhispoemexpressed
anardentloveoflibertyandafiercehatredoftyranny
Shelleynotedforhislyrics
Keatsfamousforhissonnets
WalterScott
RomanticisminFrance
Chateaubriand:
VictorHugo:
法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。
他于1827年发表的Cromwell>是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。
他的长篇小说
巴黎圣母院 悲惨世界宣
扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。
Thegreatestpoetofhisday
GeorgeSand:
法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家
RomanticisminItaly
Manzoni:
约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人
民为主人公的小说
Leopardi:
hewasthegreatestpoetofItalyRomanticism
RomanticisminRussia
RussiaRomanticismbeganthatway-adaptingFrenchplaysandtranslatingGermanandEnglishpoetry
Pushkin:
俄国浪漫主义先锋(van)a
Byroniccharacterhismasterpieceis创造了俄国文学中
的第一个“多余的人”的典型
Lermontov:
drawsafineportraitofPushkin
RomanticisminPoland
AdamMickiewicz:
beginningofPolishRomanticism
ishismasterpiece
ArtandArchitecture
GoyaSpanishpainterandetcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱ExecutionoftheThirdofMay>Children>
DavidFrenchPainter
Delacroix代表着法国浪漫主义绘画
的最高成就
GericaultFrenchpainter
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