外文文献及译文公交路线网络设计问题.docx
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外文文献及译文公交路线网络设计问题.docx
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外文文献及译文公交路线网络设计问题
外文文献:
TransitRouteNetworkDesignProblem:
Review
Abstract:
Efficientdesignofpublictransportationnetworkshasattractedmuchinterestinthetransportliteratureandpractice,withmany
modelsandapproachesforformulatingtheassociatedtransitroutenetworkdesignproblem_TRNDP_havingbeendeveloped.Thepresent
papersystematicallypresentsandreviewsresearchontheTRNDPbasedonthethreedistinctivepartsoftheTRNDPsetup:
design
objectives,operatingenvironmentparametersandsolutionapproach.
Introduction
Publictransportationislargelyconsideredasaviableoptionforsustainabletransportationinurbanareas,offeringadvantagessuchasmobilityenhancement,trafficcongestionandairpollutionreduction,andenergyconservationwhilestillpreservingsocialequityconsiderations.Nevertheless,inthepastdecades,factorssuchassocioeconomicgrowth,theneedforpersonalizedmobility,theincreaseinprivatevehicleownershipandurbansprawlhaveledtoashifttowardsprivatevehiclesandadecreaseinpublictransportation’sshareindailycommuting(Sinha2003;TRB2001;EMTA2004;ECMT2002;Pucheretal.2007).Effortsforencouragingpublictransportationusefocusesonimprovingprovidedservicessuchaslinecapacity,servicefrequency,coverage,reliability,comfortandservicequalitywhichareamongthemostimportantparametersforanefficientpublictransportationsystem(Sinha2003;Vuchic2004.)
Inthiscontext,planninganddesigningacostandserviceefficient
publictransportationnetworkisnecessaryforimprovingitscompetitivenessandmarketshare.Theproblemthatformallydescribesthedesignofsuchapublictransportationnetworkisreferredtoasthetransitroutenetworkdesignproblem(TRNDP);itfocusesontheoptimizationofanumberofobjectivesrepresentingtheefficiencyofpublictransportationnetworksunderoperationalandresourceconstraintssuchasthenumberandlengthofpublictransportationroutes,allowableservicefrequencies,andnumberofavailablebuses(Chakroborty2003;FanandMachemehl2006a,b).
ThepracticalimportanceofdesigningpublictransportationnetworkshasattractedconsiderableinterestintheresearchcommunitywhichhasdevelopedavarietyofapproachesandmodelsfortheTRNDPincludingdifferentlevelsofdesigndetailandcomplexityaswellasinterestingalgorithmicinnovations.Inthis
paperweofferastructuredreviewofapproachesfortheTRNDP;researcherswillobtainabasisforevaluatingexistingresearchandidentifyingfutureresearchpathsforfurtherimprovingTRNDPmodels.Moreover,practitionerswillacquireadetailedpresentationofboththeprocessandpotentialtoolsforautomatingthedesignofpublictransportationnetworks,theircharacteristics,capabilities,andstrengths.
DesignofPublicTransportationNetworks
Networkdesignisanimportantpartofthepublictransportationoperationalplanningprocess_Ceder2001_.Itincludesthedesignofroutelayoutsandthedeterminationofassociatedoperationalcharacteristicssuchasfrequencies,rollingstocktypes,andsoonAsnotedbyCederandWilson_1986_,networkdesignelementsarepartoftheoveralloperationalplanningprocessforpublictransportationnetworks;theprocessincludesfivesteps:
_1_designofroutes;_2_settingfrequencies;_3_developingtimetables;_4_schedulingbuses;and_5_schedulingdrivers.Routelayoutdesignisguidedbypassengerflows:
routesareestablishedtoprovidedirectorindirectconnectionbetweenlocationsandareasthatgenerateandattractdemandfortransittravel,suchasresidentialandactivityrelatedcenters_Levinson1992_.Forexample,passengerflowsbetweenacentralbusinessdistrict_CBD_andsuburbsdictatethedesignofradialrouteswhiledemandfortripsbetweendifferentneighborhoodsmayleadtotheselectionofacircularrouteconnectingthem.Anticipatedservicecoverage,transfers,desirablerouteshapes,andavailableresourcesusuallydeterminethestructureoftheroutenetwork.Routeshapesare
usuallyconstrainedbytheirlengthanddirectness_routedirectnessimpliesthatrouteshapesareasstraightaspossiblebetweenconnectedpoints_,theusageofgivenroads,andtheoverlappingwithothertransitroutes.Thedesirableoutcomeisasetofroutes
connectinglocationswithinaservicearea,conformingtogivendesigncriteria.Foreachroute,frequenciesandbustypesaretheoperationalcharacteristicstypicallydeterminedthroughdesign.Calculationsarebasedonexpectedpassengervolumesalongroutesthatareestimatedempiricallyorbyapplyingtransitassignment
techniques,underfrequencyrequirementconstraints_minimumandmaximumallowedfrequenciesguaranteeingsafetyandtolerablewaitingtimes,respectively_,desiredloadfactors,fleetsize,andavailability.Thesestepsaswellastheoveralldesign.
processhavebeenlargelybaseduponpracticalguidelines,theexpertjudgmentoftransitplanners,andoperatorsexperience_BaajandMahmassani1991_.TwohandbooksbyBlack_1995_andVuchic_2004_outlineframeworkstobefollowedbyplannerswhendesigningapublictransportationnetworkthatinclude:
_1_establishingtheobjectivesforthenetwork;_2_definingtheoperationalenvironmentofthenetwork_roadstructure,demandpatterns,andcharacteristics_;_3_developing;and_4_evaluatingalternativepublictransportationnetworks.
Despitetheextensiveuseofpracticalguidelinesandexperiencefordesigningtransitnetworks,researchershavearguedthatempiricalrulesmaynotbesufficientfordesigninganefficienttransitnetworkandimprovementsmayleadtobetterqualityandmoreefficientservices.Forexample,FanandMachemehl_2004_notedthatresearchersandpractitionershavebeenrealizingthatsystematicandintegratedapproachesareessentialfordesigningeconomicallyandoperationallyefficienttransitnetworks.Asystematicdesignprocessimpliesclearandconsistentstepsandassociatedtechniquesfordesigningapublictransportationnetwork,whichisthescopeoftheTRNDP.
TRNDP:
Overview
ResearchhasextensivelyexaminedtheTRNDPsincethelate1960s.In1979,NewelldiscussedpreviousresearchontheoptimaldesignofbusroutesandHasselström_1981_analyzedrelevantstudiesandidentifiedthemajorfeaturesoftheTRNDPasdemandcharacteristics,objectivefunctions,constraints,passenger
behavior,solutiontechniques,andcomputationaltimeforsolvingtheproblem.AnextensivereviewofexistingworkontransitnetworkdesignwasprovidedbyChua_1984_whoreportedfivetypesoftransitsystemplanning:
_1_manual;_2_market
analysis;_3_systemsanalysis;_4_systemsanalysiswithinteractivegraphics;and_5_mathematicaloptimizationapproach.AxhausemmandSmith_1984_analyzedexistingheuristicalgorithmsforformulatingtheTRNDPinEurope,testedthem,and
discussedtheirpotentialimplementationintheUnitedStates.CederandWilson_1986_reportedpriorworkontheTRNDPanddistinguishedstudiesintothosethatdealwithidealizednetworksandtothosethatfocusonactualroutes,suggestingthatthemainfeaturesoftheTRNDPincludedemandcharacteristics,objectives
andconstraints,andsolutionmethods.
Atthesameperiod,VanNesetal._1988_groupedTRNDPmodelsintosixcategories:
_1_analyticalmodelsforrelatingparametersofthepublictransportationsystem;_2_modelsdeterminingthelinkstobeusedforpublictransportationrouteconstruction;_3_modelsdeterminingroutesonly;_4_modelsassigningfrequenciestoasetofroutes;_5_two-stagemodelsforconstructingroutesandthenassigningfrequencies;and_6_modelsforsimultaneouslydeterminingroutesandfrequencies.Spacovicetal._1994_andSpacovicandSchonfeld_1994_proposedamatrixorganizationandclassifiedeachstudyaccordingtodesignparametersexamined,objectivesanticipated,networkgeometry,anddemandcharacteristics.CederandIsraeli_1997_suggestedbroadcategorizationsforTRNDPmodelsintopassengerflowsimulationandmathematicalprogrammingmodels.Russo_1998_adoptedthesamecategorizationandnotedthatmathematicalprogrammingmodelsguaranteeoptimaltransitnetworkdesignbutsacrificethelevelofdetailinpassengerrepresentationanddesignparameters,whilesimulationmodelsaddresspassengerbehaviorbutuseheuristicproceduresobtainingaTRNDPsolution.Ceder_2001_enhancedhisearliercategorizationbyclassifyingTRNDPmodelsintosimulation,idealnetwork,andmathematicalprogrammingmodels.Finally,inarecentseriesofstudies,FanandMachemehl_2004,2006a,b_dividedTRNDPapproachesinto
practicalapproaches,analyticaloptimizationmodelsforidealizedconditions,andmetaheuristicproceduresforpracticalproblems.
TheTRNDPisanoptimizationproblemwhereobjectivesaredefined,itsconstraintsaredetermined,andamethodologyisselectedandvalidatedforobtaininganoptimalsolution.TheTRNDPisdescribedbytheobjectivesofthepublictransportationnetworkservicetobeachieved,theoperationalcharacteristicsandenvironmentunderwhichthenetworkwilloperate,andthemethodologicalapproachforobtainingtheoptimalnetworkdesign.BasedonthisdescriptionoftheTRNDP,weproposeathree-layerstructurefororganizingTRNDPapproaches_Objectives,Parameters,andMethodology_.Eachlayerincludesoneormoreitemsthatcharacterizeeachstudy.
The“Objectives”layerincorporatesthegoalssetwhendesigningapublictransportationsystemsuchastheminimizationofthecostsofthesystemorthemaximizationofthequalityofservicesprovided.The“Parameters”layerdescribestheoperatingenvironmentandincludesboththedesignvariablesexpectedtobederivedforthetransitnetwork_routelay
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