桥梁工程专业毕业论文外文翻译.docx
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桥梁工程专业毕业论文外文翻译.docx
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桥梁工程专业毕业论文外文翻译
桥梁工程专业毕业论文外文翻译
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外文翻译
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replacementofanoldwoodenbridgein
StPetersburgwascompletedearlierthisyear.
Risingtrafficlevelsanddevelopmentdemandsledtoanoldtramwaybridgebeingrebuiltasacable-stayedcrossingintheRussiancityofStPetersburg.ThenewLazarevskyBridgeacrosstheMalayaNevkawasopenedtotrafficearlierthisyear,replacinganoldwoodenstructurewhichwasbuiltfortramsbutrecentlyhadonlybeenusedbypedestrians。
ThebridgeislocatedinPetrograddistrictandconnectsKrestovskyandPetrogradskyIslandsalongPionerskayaandSportivnayaStreets,bothofwhichareimportanatlinksforlocaltraffic。
Whenitwasbuiltin1949,thecrossingwascalledtheKoltovskyBridge,aftertheadjacentMalayaNevkariverembankment。
Butin1952,itwasrenamedtocommemoratethelegendaryRussianadmiralMikhailLazarev.TheembankmentandthebridgewereredesignatedtheAdmiralLazarevEmbankmentandLazarevskyBridgerespectively。
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BuilttothedesignofengineerVVBlazhevich,theoriginalbridgehad11spans,thecentralonebeingasingle-leafdrawspan。
Itwasoriginallydesignedfortramsandwastheonlytramwaybridgeinthecityatthattime.Itstotallengthwas141manditswidthwas11m,thedeckconsistingofmetalbaulksandwoodenplankflooring.Thetimberpostpiersrestedonpiledfoundationsofsteelpipes.Butin2002thetramwaywasclosedandsincethen,thebridgehasonlybeenusedbypedestrians.
ItslocationmeantthatLazarevskyBridgeservedthewesternpartofthecity—-thePetrograddistrictsincludingKrestovskyisland.AlltheroadtraffictoKrestovskyislandusedthemainKrestovskyBridgewhichasaconsequencewasconsiderablyoverloaded.SincetheLazarevskyBridgecarriednovehiculartrafficitwasnotconsideredpartoftheroadnetworkofthedistrict.ButplanstobuildanewstadiumattheSeasideVictoryParkonKrestovskyIslandjust3kmfromthebridgesitemeantthatareliabletransportconnectiontotherestofthecitywasrequired.ThelocalauthoritydecidedthatreconstructionoftheLazarevskyBridgewasthebestwaytoprovidethis。
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Thesizeofnewbridgewasdeterminedbasedonthepredictedtrafficlevels,takingintoaccounttheprospectivedevelopmentofthedistrict.Accordingtotheforecast,theannualaveragedailytrafficintensityonLazarevskyBridgewillriseto16,000vehiclesperdayby2025。
Peakloadsoccurduringmajorsportingeventsatthestadiumwhenthebridgewillberequiredtohelprelievetheareaoftrafficwithinonehour。
Thistrafficflowincludes4,500to5,000cars,soevenifthePetrovskyBridgeweretoberebuilt,theLazarevskyBridgeneededtwolanesoftrafficinbothdirectionsinordertodothis.个人收集整理,勿做商业用途个人收集整理,勿做商业用途
Takingintoconsiderationthefactthatthetimberstructuresofthebridgehadbeeninuseformorethan55years,ifthebridgereconstructionhadbeenrestrictedtothewideningandstrengtheningoftheexistingsuperstructureandpiers,itwouldnothaveensuredthelongevityofthefixedbridgeandmighthaveledtohighoperationcosts.Anotherconsiderationwasthattheappearanceofamulti—spanstructurewithbulkypierswouldnothavefittedintothearchitecturalstylethatisemergingwithconstructionofmodernbuildingsonKrestovskyIslandandtheadjacentembankments。
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Asaresult,thedecisionwastakentocompletelydemolishtheexistingbridgeandreplaceitwithanewstructureonthesamealignment。
Aspartoftheproject,someofSportivnayaStreetontherightbankhadtobewidened,andimprovementoftheadjacentareawasalsoincluded.
Thehistoryoftheprojectdatesbackmorethanadecadeto1998,whenJSCInstituteStrojproectwonthetendertocarryoutafeasibilitystudyintothereconstructionofLazarevskyBridgeanditsapproaches.
Evenatthistime,thearchitectIgorSerebrennikovhaddevelopedanoriginalarchitecturalconceptofthebridgewhichinvolveduseofacable—stayedsystem。
Thisconceptwasapprovedbythecity’scommitteefordevelopmentbutfinancialproblemsmeantthatthedesignwassuspendedforsevenyearsbeforeitresumed。
In2003,theprojectwasincludedinthetargetprogrammeofdesignandsurveyworks,andthetenderfordesigndevelopmentwasofficiallyannounced.AgaintheseworkswereawardedtoJSCInstituteStrojproect.Thereconstructiondesignwascompletedin2007andwasreceivedpositivelybytheStateExpertReviewBoard;constructionbeganattheendofthatyear。
Thestructuralconceptofthebridgewasapprovedbasedonthecomparisonoftechnicalandeconomicaloptions。
Oneofthemainrestrictionswasthestrictlimitationonthesuperstructureconstructiondepth。
Ontheonehand,itwaslimitedbytheneedtomaintainunderbridgeclearancefornavigation,whileontheotherhandthedecklevelwasgovernedbytheheightofAdmiralLazarevEmbankment,whichcouldnotberaised,accordingtotherequirementsofthecommitteeforprotectionofmonuments。
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Tomeetthesealmostincompatibleconditionsitwasnecessarytomakethelongitudinalprofileofthedeckwithaverticalcurveofradius1,000m,aradiuswhichisallowableonlyforveryconstrainedconditions。
Butevenwiththisminimumverticalcurveradius,thelimitationforthedeckconstructiondepthremainedfairlystrict—-ithadtobe1.4matthemaximum.Thisconditioncouldbemeteitherbyaclassicfive-spancontinuousbeamschemeorbyacable-stayedsystem。
Thecostsofbothoptionsarepracticallythesamebutthecable—stayedoptionwaspreferredasitwasconsideredmoreattractivefromthearchitecturalpointofview。
Anotherbenefitwasthatitwouldtakelesstimeforconstructionastherewasnoneedforintermediatepierstobebuiltintheriverbed。
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Theunconventionalappearanceofthestructure,particularlytheshapeofthetoweranditsasymmetricarrangementwithitssinglespan,putdemandsonthedesignabilitiesoftheengineersfromJSCInstituteStrojproect,requiringthemtocopewithnon-standardproblems。
Onesuchproblemwastheneedtoprovidetherequiredrigiditytothedeckwhileatthesametimeminimisingitsweightinordertodecreasethemomentsinthetowerelementsandbalancethesystem.Henceasingle—spancable—stayedbridgewithsteeldeck,orthotropiccarriagewayslabandasteeltowerwasselectedforconstruction.Thedeckissupportedbytworowsofstays,withfivestaysineachrow。
ThecablestayspassthroughthetowerandareanchoredinthereinforcedconcreteslabofthecounterweightwhichislocatedbeyondthebridgeabutmentonKrestovskyIsland。
Thefrontarchofthetower,whichisinclinedtowardstheriverbed,carriesthedeadanchoragesbywhichmeansthecablestaysandbackstaysaresecured。
Tensioningofbothsetsofcableswascarriedoutbymeansofactiveanchorslocatedatthedeckandinthecounterweightslab.Tominimisethetotalwidthofthedeck,theanchoragesareremovedtothefrontsurfacesofthemainbeams.Theoptimumforcedistributioninthetowerelementswasobtainedbymeansofthearchshapethatbecamesharperandelongatedinthetransversesectionofthebridge.个人收集整理,勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理,来源于网络
ThedeckconsistsofasystemoflongitudinalandtransverseH—beamsconnectedviatheorthotropicslabwithitsU—shapestiffeners.Theanchoragesarelocatedalongthetransversebeams。
Atthetower,thedeckisrigidlyfixedandatpieroneitrestsonMaurersphericalbearings.Thesteelpartofthedeckismadeoflow—alloysteelgrade10and15andthetowerofsteelgrade10(400MPa)。
ThecablestaysareVSLstandardmonostrandsandeachoneismadeupoffrom50to73strands.Thetotallengthofstrandusedinthebridgeisabout31km。
Meanwhilethebridgedeckpavementconsistsoftwolayersofasphalt/concrete40mmand50mmplacedovertheTechnoelastomost-Smembranewaterproofinglayer.
Thepierfoundationsareformedofhighpilecapsrestingonboredpilesdrivendeepintothebearingstratumoffirmclay。
Abovethefoundationtop,thepiersaremadeofcastinsituconcreteandfacedwithgranite。
ConstructionwascarriedoutbyMostootryadNo75,abranchofOAOMostotrestNo6,whilethesteeldeckstructurewasmanufacturedbyJSCZavodMetallokonstruktsiyandthesteeltowerstructurewasmanufacturedbyNPOMostovik。
FordevelopmentofthedetaildesignthespecialistsofautomationdivisionoftheInstitutepreparedcomplex3-DmodelsofthetowerandcablestayanchoragesinPRO—EsoftwarewhichwereusedforanalysisandasabasisforthefabricationofthestructuresbyNPOMostovik。
TheuseofthissuccessfulPRO-Emodellingenabledthecomplicatedtowerstructurestobemanufacturedwithinarelativelyshorttime.
Takingintoconsiderationtheconstraintsimposedonthebridgeconstruction,JSCInstituteStrojproectsuggestedsomemodificationstothedetaileddesign.Onesuchproposalwastoreplacethecablebackstaysofthetowerwithrigidtiesmadeoflow-alloysteelgrade10whichwouldbefixedrigidlyatthetowerarchesandcounterweight.Temporarysupportswouldbeinstalledunderthedeckanchorages
Thesemodificationsallowedtheerectionoftheback-staystobeconsiderablysimplified,andwouldalsoeliminatetheneedtotensionthebackstays,cuttinginhalfthetimeforthecable—stayinstallation.
Inadditionitmeantthatthecable—stayssupportingthedeckcouldbetensionedinasingleoperation,oncetheasphaltandconcretepavementhadbeeninstalledonthebridge.Analysisincludedsuccessivetensioningof
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