外文翻译房屋政策福利与经济发展之间的联系节选.docx
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外文翻译房屋政策福利与经济发展之间的联系节选.docx
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外文翻译房屋政策福利与经济发展之间的联系节选
1900单词,10500英文字符,2800汉字
出处:
WeesepJV.Housingpolicy–thelinkbetweenwelfareandeconomicdevelopment[J].JournalofHousingandtheBuiltEnvironment,2000,15
(2):
165-181.
原文:
Housingpolicy
——thelinkbetweenwelfareandeconomicdevelopment
1.Introduction
TheexpansionofthehousingstockhasbeenoneofthemostvisiblechangesinEuropeancitiesinrecentdecades;newhomesandnewresidentialareasdominatemanyoftheurbanlandscapes.Theincreaseinthenumberofhomesreflectsthedevelopmentoftheeconomyandthesteadilyrisinglevelofaffluence,aswellastheso-calledseconddemographictransitionthathasresultedinanunprecedentedgrowthofthenumberofhouseholds.Thisincreasereadilytranslatedintodemandforhousing.InsomecountriesespeciallythoseinNorthwesternEuropethedemographicchangescameearlierthanelsewhere;therearealsosignificantvariationsinthepolicyresponses,dependingonnationalculturesandpoliticaltraditions,aswellasonthevagariesofthedevelopmentofthenationaleconomies.Butwhereverstateregulationadoptedsomevariantofthewelfare-statemodel,housinghasbeenamajorpolicyingredient.Over60percentofthecurrenthousingstockinNorthwesternEuropewasbuiltafter1945(FeddesandDieleman,1996).Inoneformoranother,muchofthisconstructionhasbeensubsidized,andthehugeamountofmoneythisrequiredlargelyaccountsforthefactthathomebuildingprogramsandtheirdifferentiationremainedhighonthepoliticalagenda.
2.Changingmodesofregulation
InNorthwesternEurope,housinghaslongbeenconsideredcrucialtothewellbeingofnations.Consequently,theprovisionofaffordablehousingofgoodqualityenjoyedhighpriority.Theextenttowhichthatpolicyagendahasbeenputintopracticeisvisibleinthecompositionofthehousingstockandistangibleintheavailabilityofhousingsubsidies.Becausehousingmarketregulationwasmeanttoensurefairaccessatareasonableprice,ithasfavoredlowincomegroups.Thus,socialhousingaccountedforoverhalfofallnewconstructioninSwedenandtheNetherlandsafter1950.Inbothcountriesaselsewhereresidentialconstructioncostswereloweredbysubsidies,whilehousingexpensesweremadebearablebyhousingallowances.Forthosewhodonotqualifyforsuchdirectbenefits,therearetaxbreaksthatreducehousingcosts.Inadditiontofiscalsubsidies,manyEuropeancountriesspendhugesumsondirecthousingsubsidies;inSwedenandintheNetherlands,thesesubsidiesamountedtomorethantwopercentoftheirGrossNationalProductin1985(FeddesandDieleman,1996).
3.Characteristicsoftheneweconomy
ThepopulationofEuropeancitieshasalsobecomeincreasinglydiversified.Duringthepastfewdecades,longevity,affluence,women’semancipation,andothersocioculturaldevelopmentshaveledtoanincreaseinthenumberoftheelderly,ariseindivorcerates,adropinbirthrates,a(relative)declineinthenumberoffamilieswithchildren,andaconcomitantincreaseinthenumberofsinglepersonsandtwo-personhouseholds.Demographicchangealtersthesociodemographicprofileofthesittingpopulationanditaffectsthepatternsofpopulationdistributionandmigration(Champion,1994).Consequently,urbanpopulationseverywhereexhibitagrowingvariationinhouseholdsize,householdcomposition,andlifestyle;theyinclude‘urbanvillagers’aswellas‘cosmopolitans’.InNorthernEurope,high-incomehouseholdstendedtoprefersuburbanlifestyles.Butthese‘careerists’and‘consumers’(Bell,1968)werebackontheurbanhousingmarketinthe1980sand1990s.Singleworkingpersonsanddualcareerhouseholdsprefertoliveclosetotheirplaceofworkinthecitiestotakeadvantageofthewidevarietyoffacilitiesandservicesnearby.Butevenamongthesegroups,therearegrowingnumberswithapreferenceforsinglefamilyhomesinsuburbanareas(VanKempenetal.,1994).Allthesediversetrendsturnthecitiesintointricateandevershiftingsocialkaleidoscopes.
4.Housingasacompetitiveadvantageintheneweconomy
Economicgeographytreatslocationsasproductionenvironments,comprisingalltheexternalconditionsthataffectthefunctioningofafirm.Someofthesearecloselytiedtotheproductionprocessitself,offeringtheinputsthatdetermineprofitability.Inthenewglobalserviceeconomy,suchinputsarewidelyavailable:
humancapitalcanbecreatedlocally,whileotherinputscanbemovedcheaplytoanysite.
Severalcruciallocationfactorsappeartobelargelybeyondthereachofpolicy,whichmeansthatthesuccessofinterventionmustberelatedtosecondaryfactors.Becausemostplacesnowmeetthebasicrequirementsoffirms,othercharacteristicswilltiltthescales.Thoughthesefactorsmaybeunrelatedtotherequirementsoftheproductionprocessitself,theystillcount,albeitinlesstangibleways.Thecitiesthatweresuccessfullyrestructuredofferedtheprivatesectorsecondaryyetsignificantassets,suchastheonesmentionedinthevignetteatthebeginningofthispaper.Goodhousingandattractiveresidentialenvironmentsarenottheleastoftheseassets(Parkinsonetal.,1992).
5.Housingandtheeconomy
Mostcitiesofferawiderangeofhousingwithrespecttosize,price,type,andamenities.Housingismorethanshelter.Italsoprovidestheoccupantswithanopportunitytocultivateadesiredlifestyle.Itslocationdeterminesopportunitiesforworkandaccesstoservicesandfacilities.Manypeoplearesensitivetothephysicalandsocialcharacteristicsofaresidentialenvironmentwhentheychooseaplacetolive.Therocketing-upofcommercialhousingstandardsfurtherdepriveslow-incomehouseholdsofaccesstohousingviathemarket.Thisleadstotheredefinitionofthestate’sroleinhousingprovision,withanincreasingfocusonhelpinglow-incomegroupsinsociety.
Theneighborhoodinfluencesthequalityoflifeandthesocialstatusoftheresidents.Neighborhoodsarealsoimportantasframeworksforsocialinteraction;somepeoplethereforepreferthelivelinessofmixedneighborhoods,otherstheprotectionofliving‘amongtheirownkind’.Asurbanpopulationsbecomeincreasinglydiversified,morepeopleseektoprotectthemselvesfromconflictualsituationsbywithdrawingintotheprivacyofcloseknitcommunities,withorwithoutgatestolocktherestofsocietyout.Thedegreeofresidentialsegregationsaysagreatdealaboutthecharacterofasociety.
Thepreliminaryoutcomesoftheresearchsupporttheassumptionthathousingandpropertyingeneralcaninfluencethecompetitivenessofcitiesthroughdirectandindirecteffects.Forinstance,migrationdecisionsofindividualsbasedonthestrengthoftheirpositioninthehousingmarketaffecttheavailabilityofskillsincities,whichinturnaffectproductivityandunitlaborcosts.Theseeffectsarereinforcedbytheimpactofhousingoncommutingpatterns.Theauthorsofthereportunderlinethefactthatcumulativecausationcanleadtofurtherdivergencebetweenpartsofurbanareas.Buttheyalsobelievethatthetrendscanbereversed.Theremediationoftheurbanenvironmentalconditionsthathaveledtopopulationandjoblossescanhaveastrongcumulativeeffectovertime.
6.Housingandsocialequity
Howandwhyhigh-densitylivinghasstartedoutastheprovisionofbasichousingneedsandhas,overtime,evolvedintoasophisticatedpoliticalandsocialengineeringprocessassociatedwithamodelofsustainablehousingmeritsfurtherinvestigation.Economicdevelopmentcreatespolicydilemmas.Aparticularlycompellingonefortoday’scitiesresultsfromtheirongoingpushforeconomictransformation.Localgovernmentsreacttothechangingrealityoftheneweconomybypromotingeconomicrestructuring.Theirpoliciesareintendedtoyieldbenefitsforthelocalpopulation.Buttheharderthecitiespushtotransformtheireconomy,themoresocialinequalityislikelytoresult.Then,thecitieshavetodealwithsocialgroupsthatareoftenindirectcompetitionforspaceinthecityThatconflictwillbeinthewayofreachingbroadagreementonthemostlikelycourseforaction.Thepolicydilemmafacingthecitiesisthattheywanttogrow,butwithoutgrowingpains.
7.Conclusions
Inanysociety,housingitspopulationisacomplexandmulti-facetedissue.Intheimplementationofhousingpolicies,sufficientlandandfundingalonecannotguaranteesuccess.InSingapore,carefulmatchingofadministrativeandtechnicalcapacitytothescaleoftheprogramme,settingandimplementingsocialandenvironmentalobjectivesandmeasuresaswellaslinkingthemwithviableeconomicoperationsareneededtoachievesustainablehousingdevelopmentinthreedimensions:
social,economicandenvironmental.
Withthelegislativeprovisions,apubliclandbankhasbeenbuiltupforcomprehensiveandcohesivedevelopment.Thishasbeensupportedbyanothermechanism–theCentralProvidentFund,whichhasprovedinstrumentalinrealisingover85percentofhomeownership.Thecomprehensiveandintegratednewtownplanninganddevelopmentprocesshasprovidedatotalenvironmentforhome,work,andplayintandemwiththesustainedeconomicgrowthoverthelastfourdecades.Thoughsustainablepublichousinghasneverbeenpubliclyclaimed,thewaysinwhichstrongandcontinuousgovernmentalcommitmentshavebeenactedupon,andinwhichpublichousinghasevolvedtomeetrisingaspirationsareamanifestationofsustainabledevelopment.
Wherehousingcompeteswithotherpolicyfieldsforlimitedresources,housingofficialsareoftencalledupontodemonstratethebenefitsofinvest-mentinhousing.Atpresent,localauthoritiesseemtobepreoccupiedwiththetaskofrevitalizingandrestructuringthelocaleconomy.Theyhavelessi
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- 外文 翻译 房屋 政策 福利 经济发展 之间 联系 节选
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