American Literature.docx
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American Literature.docx
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AmericanLiterature
AmericanLiterature
LiteratureofColonialAmerica
LiteratureofReasonandRevolution
LiteratureofRomanticism
LiteratureofRealism
20th-CenturyLiterature
TheLiteratureofColonialAmerica
PuritanThought
Puritanswantedto“purifythechurch”toitsoriginalstate,becausetheythoughtthechurchwascorruptedandhadtoomanyrituals.
Predestination
originalsin
totaldepravity
limitedatonement
Typesofwriting
diaries
histories
journals
letters
travelbooks
autobiographies/biographies
sermons
Majorwritersinthecolonialperiod
CaptainJohnSmith
thefirstAmericanauthor
ATrueRelationofVirginia
DescriptionofNewEngland
WilliamBradford
TheHistoryofPlymouthPlantation
AnneBradstreet
TheTenthMuseLatelySprungupinAmerica
JohnWinthrop
TheHistoryofNewEngland
It’sgenerallyknownthatthe“FirstbookofAmerican”is______byJohnSmith.
A.ATrueRelationofVirginia
B.TheTrueTravelsofCaptainJohnSmith
C.MapoftheBayandtheRivers
D.ADescriptionofNewEngland
AnneBradstreet(1612-1672)
SheisthefirstAmericanwomanpoet;oncecalled“TenthMuse”;
"TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica"wasthefirstbookwrittenbyawomantobepublishedintheUnitedStates.
TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution
TheintellectualmovementofEnlightenmentinspiredAmericanmenoflettersandbroughtthemintoanewhorizonbeyondthelimitationofprevailingPuritanism.
BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)
Thespokesmanof18thcenturyAmericathatexperiencedanageofenlightenment,reason,andorder
RepresentthePuritanmaterialism
TheembodimentoftheAmericandream
OneofthemostimportantAmericanthinkers
MajorWritings
PoorRichard’sAlmanac
Autobiography
Adages
Makehaywhilethesunshines;
Godhelpthemthathelpthemselves;
Losttimeisneverfoundagain;
Apennysavedisapennyearned;
Autobiography
Itisthefirstpopularself-helpbook
ItisalsothefirstrealaccountoftheAmericanDream
Questions
1.WhydidFranklinwritehisAutobiography?
2.WhatmadeFranklindecidetoleavethebrothertowhomhehadbeenapprenticed?
3.WhyisFranklinsoparticularabouthisjourneytoPhiladelphia?
LiteratureofAmericanRomanticism
1.Historicalbackground
Democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.
Thespreadofindustrialism,thesuddeninfluxofimmigration,andthe“pioneers”pushingthefrontierfurtherwest---aneconomicboomandatremendoussenseofoptimismandhope
2.Foreigninfluences
SirWalterScott,SamuelTaylorColeridge,WilliamWordsworth,Byron,RobertBurns
AmericanromanticwritingwasmodeledonEnglishandEuropeanworks.
3.Distinctfeatures
Americanromanticstendedtomoralize,toedifyratherthantoentertain.Theypresentedanentirelynewexperience.
(landscape,thefrontierlife,thewestwardexpansion,thePuritanheritage---thenativematerialforanindigenousliterature)
4.Keyfigures:
WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)
JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)
RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)
NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)
EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)
HermanMelville(1819-1891)
WaltWhitman(1819-1892)
EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)
NathanielHawthorne
BlackVisionofLife
Evilexistsinthehumanheart
Everyonepossessessomeevilsecret
Everyoneseemstocoveruphisinnermostevil
Evilseemstobeman’sbirthmark
Sinwilleventuallygetpunished
Evileducates
MajorThemes
SinandEvil
HistoryandAntiquity
Alienation-acharacterisinastateofisolation
TheScarletLetter
Setting
the17thcentury
Boston,Massachusetts
Theme
A.Astoryofloveorsin?
B.theloadofdidacticism–thedesiretoelevate
C.WhatHawthornewaspredominantlyconcernedwithwasthemoral,emotional,andpsychologicaleffectofthesinonthepeopleingeneral
characters
–RogerChillingworth
–HesterPrynne
–ArthurDimmesdale
–Pearl
Hester
--beauty
“Theyoungwomanwastall,withafigureofperfectelegance,…”
--strongwillandendurance
“Iwillnotspeak.Itistoodeeplybranded.Yecannottakeitoff.AndwouldthatImightendurehisagony,aswellasmine!
”
ArthurDimmesdalebanisheshimselffromthesociety.Deeplyconcernedwithhimself,heundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.
RogerChillingworththerealvillainofthestory,embodiespureintellect,whocommits“theunpardonablesin”(theviolationofheart)
Symbolism
SymbolicofHester’smoraldevelopmentisthegradualchangewhichthescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.
EdgarAllanPoe
Achievement
Poems
“TheRaven”
“AnnabelLee”
“TheSleeper”
“ADreamWithinaDream”
“Sonnet—ToScience”
“ToHelen”
“TheCityintheSea”
Shortstories
themes
1.Death
Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.
“Thedeathofabeautifulwomanis,unquestionably,themostpoeticaltopicintheworld.”
2.Beauty-ofayoungwoman
3.Love-usuallyofamourningmanforhisdeceasedbeloved.
Poethecritic
Poe’s theoryforpoetry
1.shortandreadableatonesitting
2.produceafeelingofbeautyinthereader
3.“pure”poetry“artforart’ssake”
4.rhythm---“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”
5.toneofapoem---melancholy
Poe’stheoriesfortheshortstory
theunityofeffectorimpression
atonesitting
asenseofthefullestsatisfaction
“TheCaskofAmontillado”
Questions
1.Whoisthenarrator?
Whatwrongdoeshewanttoredress?
2.Whenandwhereisthestoryset?
3.WhatisthepretextheusestolureFortunatotohiswinecellar?
4.WhydoesMontresorentertainFortunatowithwinesfromhiscollection?
5.WhathappenstoFortunatointheend?
6.Whatdoyouthinkofthetwocharacters?
MontresorandFortunato
Montresor murdersFortunatoforinsultinghimbywallinghimupalivebehindbricksinawinecellar.
ThethousandinjuriesofFortunatoIhadborneasIbestcould;butwhenheventureduponinsult,Ivowedrevenge.You,whosowellknowthenatureofmysoul,willnotsuppose,however,thatIgaveutterancetoathreat.AtlengthIwouldbeavenged;thiswasapointdefinitelysettled--buttheverydefinitivenesswithwhichitwasresolvedprecludedtheideaofrisk.Imustnotonlypunish,butpunishwithimpunity.Awrongisunredressedwhenretributionovertakesitsredresser.Itisequallyunredressedwhentheavengerfailstomakehimselffeltassuchtohimwhohasdonethewrong.
Therewerenoattendantsathome;theyhadabscondedtomakemerryinhonourofthetime.IhadtoldthemthatIshouldnotreturnuntilthemorning,andhadgiventhemexplicitordersnottostirfromthehouse.Theseordersweresufficient,Iwellknew,toinsuretheirimmediatedisappearance,oneandall,assoonasmybackwasturned.
"Come,"Isaid,withdecision,"wewillgoback;yourhealthisprecious.Youarerich,respected,admired,beloved;youarehappy,asonceIwas.Youareamantobemissed.Formeitisnomatter.Wewillgoback;youwillbeill,andIcannotberesponsible.Besides,thereisLuchresi--"
HenryDavidThoreau
•Transcendentalist,surveyor,andphilosopher
•Walden,areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings
•“CivilDisobedience”
Walden
arecordofhisreflectionswhenhewasinsolitarycommunionwithnature
abookonself-cultureandhumanperfectability;abookaboutman,whatheisandwhatheshouldbe
prophetofindividualisminAmericanliterature–criticalofmoderncivilizationwhichwasdegradingandenslavingman
RegenerationbecameamajorthematicconcernofWaldenanddecidedthestructuralframework:
Waldenunfoldsinasingleyear,andprogressesthroughsummerandautumntowinter,andfinallytoaclimaxintherenascenceofspring.
WaldenexhibitsThoreau’sbeliefinanewgenerationofmen.Thebookconcludesonanoteofoptimismandhope.
Questions
•WhydidThoreauliveinthewoods?
Didhewanttoliveahermit’slife?
•Whatalifedidhelive?
Didheenjoyit?
•IwenttothewoodsbecauseIwishedtolivedeliberately,tofrontonlytheessentialfactsoflife,andseeifIcouldnotlearnwhatithadtoteach,andnot,whenIcametodie,discoverthatIhadnotlived.
•Simplelivingandself-sufficiency
•“Ididnotusetea,norcoffee,norbutter,normilk,norfreshmeat,andsodidnothavetoworktogetthem....itcostmebutatrifleformyfood.”
•Waldenemphasizestheimportanceofself-reliance,solitude,contemplation,andclosenesstonatureintranscendingthe"desperate"existencethat,heargues,isthelotofmosthumans.
Questions
•WheredidThoreaulive?
Whatdidhelivefor?
•WhattranscendentalistideasareexpressedinWalden?
•WhereIlived
•WhenIwrotethefollowingpages,orratherthebulkofthem,Ilivedalone,inthewoods,amilefromanyneighbor,inahousewhichIhadbuiltmyself,ontheshoreofWaldenPond,inConcord,Massachusetts,andearnedmylivingbythelaborofmyhandsonly.Ilivedtheretwoyearsandtwomonths.AtpresentIamasojournerincivilizedlifeagain.
•WhereIlived---solitude
•ButforthemostpartitisassolitarywhereIliveasontheprairies.ItisasmuchAsiaorAfricaasNewEngland.Ihave,asitwere,myownsunandmoonandstars,andalittleworldalltomyself.Atnighttherewasneveratravelerpassedmyhouse,orknockedatmydoor,morethanifIwerethefirstorlastman.
•Ifinditwholesometobealonethegreaterpartofthetime.Tobeincompany,evenwiththebest,issoonwearisomeanddissipating.Ilovetobealone.Ineverfoundthecompanionthatwassocompanionableassolitude.Weareforthemostpartmorelonelywhenwegoabroadamongmen
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