论《哈姆雷特》中莎士比亚悲剧的本质与独特性.docx
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论《哈姆雷特》中莎士比亚悲剧的本质与独特性.docx
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论《哈姆雷特》中莎士比亚悲剧的本质与独特性
OntheEssenceandSpecialtyofShakespeare’sTragedyin《Hamlet》
Abstract
TheTragicalHistoryofHamlet,PrinceofDenmarkisatragedybyWilliamShakespeare.SincetherearesomanycriticsonHamlet,thisstudyismainlyfocusontheessenceandspecialtyofHamlet.AsafamoustragedyandthemostrepresentativeworkofShakespeare,Hamletownsmanydistinguishfeatures,suchastheingeniousdramaticstructure,theuniquelanguageandthespecificcharacter-Hamlet.WhiletalkingabouttheessenceofHamlet,manypeopleconsiderthatHamletisatragedyofrevenge,also,somepeopleregarditasatragedyoflove.Thispaperbeginstostudyitfromanewperspective:
humanism,whichmeansthatHamletisatragedyofhumanism.
Keywords:
Hamlet;conflict;soliloquy;humanism
Content
1.Introduction
2.IntroductiontothePaper
1.1ABriefIntroductiontoShakespeare
1.2ABriefIntroductiontoHamlet
1.3ThePurposeoftheResearch
3.TheFeaturesofHamlet
2.1ABriefSummaryofHamlet
2.2CommonFeaturesofShakespeare'sWork
2.3TheSpecialtyofHamlet
2.3.1IngeniousDramaticStructure
2.3.2SpecificLanguage--Soliloquy
2.3.3DistinguishCharacter--Hamlet
4.TheEssenceofHamlet
3.1People'sDebatesonHamlet
3.2TragedyofHumanism
5.Conclusion
1.Introduction
ThecharacterizationofHamletisregardedasoneofthemostoutstandingachievementsofthework.ItiswellknownthattherearethreesonsinShakespeare'sgreatesttragedy,namelyLaertes,FortinbrasandHamlet.
2.Introductiontothepaper
1.1ABriefIntroductiontoShakespeare
Formorethan400years,theworkofpoet,playwright,andactorWilliamShakespearehasfascinatedpeoplefromallwalksoflife,allovertheworld.Infact,manypeopleconsiderhimtobethegreatestdramatistever.Altogether,Shakespearewrotethirty-sevenplays,includingcomedies,tragedies,andhistories.Healsowrotemorethan150sonnets,establishinghimselfasoneofthegreatestlyricpoetsofhisera.Shakespeare’smanyplaysandpoemsrevealhistalentsasawriterandhiskeenunderstandingofhumannature.Thepersonalitiesofhismaincharactersareoftencomplex,revealingtheambiguitiesandpersonalconflictsfoundinallofus.LittleisknownaboutShakespeare’sownpersonallife,becauseheleftnodiariesorletters.
RecordsindicatethatShakespearespenthisyouthinStratford-upon-Avon,asmallEnglishvillage.Hisfather,JohnShakespeare,wasaglovemakerandlocalpoliticalfigure.Hismother,MaryArden,camefromafamilyofwealthylandowners.ItisbelievedthatyoungShakespeareattendedthelocalgrammarschool,whereheprobablystudiedliteratureandLatin.Unlikemanyotherwritersofhistime,hedidnotreceiveaformaleducationatauniversity.In1582ShakespearemarriedAnneHathaway.
HathawayandShakespearehadthreechildren,Susanna,Hamlet,andJudith.Shakespearediedin1616attheageoffifty-twoandwasburiedunderthefloorofStratfordChurch.
1.2ABriefIntroductiontoHamlet
AsHublerindicates,Hamletisfilledwithaction.IthaslongbeenoneofShakespeare’smostpopularandfrequentlyperformeddramas,andpartofitsappealundoubtedlyliesinthedramaticactionthattakesplaceonstage.YetHubleralsopointsoutthatonecanhardlythinkofHamletasanactionplay.AttheheartofHamletareprofoundquestionsaboutthenatureofgoodandevil,andtheplaycontainssomeofShakespeare’smostpsychologicallycomplexcharacters.Theyarepeopledriventodramaticactionbyanger,grief,love,anddespair.
Hamletisatragedy,atypeofdramathatpresentsaheroicornoblecharacterwithconflictsthataredifficultorimpossibletoresolve.ThestorywasretoldinthesixteenthcenturyinacollectionoftragictalesbyFrenchwriter.WhatcausesShakespeare’splaytostandoutfromtheotherstoriesaboutHamlet,ishisin-depthcharacterizationofthetroubledprinceandthosearoundhim.Intheoriginallegend,Amlethisclearlyoutforrevenge.Whatdistractshimfromhispurposeareexternalcircumstances,notfeelingsofdoubtorreluctance,orreflectionsonrightandwrong.InShakespeare’splay,indecisionisamajortheme.Hamletishaunted—literally—byhisfather’smurderandadesperateneedtoavengethecrime.Butsomethingholdshimbackfromactingonthisdesireforrevenge.Whatthat“something”ishasbeendebatedforcenturies.Scholarshavecommentedthat,2.“ForHamletnothingissimple,everythingraisesquestions.”
1.3ThePurposeoftheResearch
TheTragicalHistoryofHamlet,PrinceofDenmarkisatragedybyWilliamShakespeare.Theplay,setintheKingdomofDenmark,recountshowPrinceHamletexactsrevengeonhisuncleClaudius,firstlyformurderingtheoldKingHamlet(Claudius'sbrotherandPrinceHamlet'sfather)andsecondlyforthensucceedingtothethroneandmarryingGertrude(KingHamlet'swidowandmotherofPrinceHamlet).Theplayvividlyportraysrealandfeignedmadness–fromoverwhelminggrieftoseethingrage–andexploresthemesoftreachery,revenge,incest,andmoralcorruption.SoitisbettertomakeadeepstudyontheessenceandspecialityofHamlettogetabetterunderstandingofHamletaswellasShakespeare.
Theplay'sstructureanddepthofcharacterisationhaveinspiredmuchcriticalscrutiny,ofwhichoneexampleisthecenturies-olddebateaboutHamlet'shesitationtokillhisuncle.Someseeitasaplotdevicetoprolongtheaction,andothersseeitastheresultofpressureexertedbythecomplexphilosophicalandethicalissuesthatsurroundcold-bloodedmurder,calculatedrevengeandthwarteddesire.Morerecently,psychoanalyticcriticshaveexaminedHamlet'sunconsciousdesires,andfeministcriticshavere-evaluatedandrehabilitatedtheoftenmalignedcharactersofOpheliaandGertrude.
SincetherearesomanycriticsonHamlet,thisstudyismainlyfocusontheessenceandspecialityofHamlet.AsafamoustragedyandthemostrepresentativeworkofShakespeare,Hamletownsmanydistinguishfeatures,suchasthehumanismintheplay,theingeniousdramaticstructureandthespecificlanguage.WhiletalkingabouttheessenceofHamlet,manypeopleconsiderthatHamletisatragedyofrevenge,also,somepeopleregarditasatragedyoflove.Thispaperbeginstostudyitfromanewperspective:
humanism,whichinotherwordsistheessenceofHamlet'stragedyisthelimitationofHamlet'slackofunderstandingabouttheimplacableconflictinthatrealsocietywhoseprogressmustdependonfundamentalreform..soHamlet’sfateisdestinatedtobeatragedybecauseofthelimitationofthesociety.
2.TheFeaturesofHamlet
Asthegreatestplaywrightintheworld,Shakespearehasmanydistinguishnarrativestyleofhisown.Asaresult,HamletownsmanyfeaturesofShakespeare.
2.1ABriefSummaryofHamlet
BookDescriptionOneofthegreatestplaysofalltime,thecompellingtragedyofthetormentedyoungprinceofDenmarkcontinuestocapturetheimaginationsofmodernaudiencesworldwide.Confrontedwithevidencethathisunclemurderedhisfather,andwithhismother’sinfidelity,Hamletmustfindameansofreconcilinghislongingforoblivionwithhisdutyasavenger.PrinceHamletofDenmarkisurgedbyhisfather’sGhosttoavengehismurderatthehandsofthedeadking’sbrother,nowKingClaudius;tomakemattersworse,Claudiushasmarriedthewidow,Hamlet’smother,QueenGertrude.DenmarkisunderthreatofinvasionfromyoungFortinbras,whoseekstoregainlandslosttoHamlet’sfatherbyFortinbras’sfather.ClaudiussendswordtotheKingofNorway(Fortinbras’suncle)tocurbFortinbras’saggression.Inthemeantime,Hamletfeignsmadnesswithhisfamilyandfriends,includinghisbeloved,Ophelia,sistertoLaertesanddaughtertoPolonius.BothPoloniusandLaerteswarnOpheliaagainstHamlet’samorousadvances.PoloniusbelievesHamlet’s“madness”tobelovesickness.
ClaudiusdirectsGertrudetotrytolearnthecauseofHamlet’soddbehavior;theysuspectitistheoldking’sdeathandtheirownrecentmarriage.Meantime,ClaudiusandPoloniuseavesdroponOpheliaandHamlet,whospurnsherandappearsmad.TheKingrevealstoPoloniushisplantosendHamlettoEnglandwithRosencrantzandGuildenstern.
Theghost,Hamlet’sfeignedmadness,Ophelia’sdeathandburial,theplaywithinaplay,the“closetscene”inwhichHamletaccuseshismotherofcomplicityinmurder,andbreathtakingswordplayarejustsomeoftheelementsthatmakeHamletanenduringmasterpieceofthetheater.
2.2CommonFeaturesofShakespeare'sWork
AneminentShakespeareanscholarfamouslyremarkedthatthereisnosuchthingasShakespearentragedies.HeaddedthatattemptstofindaformulawhichfitseveryoneofShakespeare’stragediesanddistinguishesthemcollectivelyfromthoseofotherdramatistsinvariablymeetwithlittlesuccess.Yetwhenchallengingonesuchattempthenoteditsfailuretoobservewhathetermed“anessentialpartoftheShakespearetragicpattern”,whichcouldbeseemtoimplythattheseplaysdohavesomesharedcharacteristicspeculiartothem.Generally,theycanobscurethefactthatwhatdistinguishesShakespeare’slanguage,hisinsightintocharacter,andhisdramaturgicalinventiveness.
AspracticedinRenaissanceEnglandandinclassicalGreeceandRome,tragedyisanintenseexplorationindividual,distinguishedbyrankorcharacterorboth,typically,itpresentsasteepfallfromprosperitytomiseryanduntimelydeath,agreatchangeoccasionedoraccompaniedbyconflictbetweenthetragiccharacterandsomesuperiorpower.Itmightbesaid,therefore,thatconflictandchange-thefirstintenseifnotviolent,thesecondextreme—togetherconstitutetheessenceofthe
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- 哈姆雷特 莎士比亚 悲剧 本质 独特性