年考研英语二真题及标准答案.docx
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年考研英语二真题及标准答案.docx
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年考研英语二真题及标准答案
2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
"TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers—aboontoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcybercrimethathas 1 acrosstheWeb.
Canprivacybepreserved 2 bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly 3 ?
Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyberczar,offeredtheObamagovernmenta 4 tomaketheWebasaferplace—a“voluntaryidentify”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential 7 toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
Theideaisto 8 afederationofprivateonlineidentifysystems.Userscould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense 10 bythegovernment.
GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto 11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.
12,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”in safe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseof 13 community.
Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith 14,trustingtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns15 .
Still,theadministration’splanhas 16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould 17 bealicense”mentality.
Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith 18 bysomeexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”wouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet 19.Theyarguethatshouldbe 20 toregisterandidentifythemselves,indriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden
2.A.for B.withinC.whileD.though
3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless
4.A.reasonB.reminder C.compromiseD.proposal
5.A.information B.interference C.entertainmentD.equivalent
6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over
7.A.linkedB.directedC.chained D.compared
8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve
9.A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize
10.A.releasedB.issued C.distributedD.delivered
11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setin D.login
12.A.InvainB.Ineffect C.Inreturn D.Incontrast
13.A.trustedB.modernizedC.thriving D.competing
14.A.cautionB.delight C.confidence D.patience
15.A.on B.afterC.beyondD.across
16.A.divided B.disappointedC.protected D.united
17.A.frequently B.incidentally C.occasionallyD.eventually
18.A.skepticism B.tolerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm
19.A.manageable B.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible
20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowed D.forced
参考答案:
1-5ACBDD 6-10BACCA 11-15DBACA 16-20CDACD
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1TheEconomistMay4th2010ADCAB
RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:
ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecade,sheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009,Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee,howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?
ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.
Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Iftheskyandthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.
TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.
Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.
A.gainingexcessiveprofits
B.failingtofulfillherduty
C.refusingtomakecompromises
D.leavingtheboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.
A.generousinvestors
B.unbiasedexecutives
C.sharepriceforecasters
D.independentadvisers
23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.
A.becomemorestable
B.reportincreasedearnings
C.dolesswellinthestockmarket
D.performworseinlawsuits
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.
A.maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm
B.haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm
C.areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm
D.willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm
25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.
A.permissive
B.positive
C.scornful
D.critical
Text2TheEconomistJun10th2010DBCAA
Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?
Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?
Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?
Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.
Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.
Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.
Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.
Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.
26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.
A.neglectedthesignofcrisis
[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies
[C]werenotcharitablecorporations
[D]wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.
[A]readersthreatenedtopayless
[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas
[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.
[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue
[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms
[C]arelessdependentonadvertising
[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership
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