棒球是美国最具普遍性的体育项目之一美国棒球baseball.docx
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棒球是美国最具普遍性的体育项目之一美国棒球baseball.docx
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棒球是美国最具普遍性的体育项目之一美国棒球baseball
棒球是美国最具普遍性的体育项目之一,被称作美国的“国球”。
棒球属于观看项目,由运动员比赛,所以棒球运动员、特别是职业棒球运动员在美国人的日常生活中扮演着十分重要的角色。
职业队员的平均年工资约为18万美元。
1981年夏季发生了一次席卷全美的棒球运动员大罢工,使赛场附近的酒吧和饭馆大大亏本,有些俱乐部业主在罢工的第一个周末就损失了25万美元。
可见棒球运动在美国影响之大;在美国就连杰克逊的歌词里也这样唱道“爸爸我们一起去打棒球去”。
目前,美国约有l000万人打棒球,职业棒球运动员有3000多人,青少年棒球队有8.5万多人。
棒球运动场星罗棋布,其中最大的俄亥俄州克利夫兰市体育运动场能容纳近7.7万名观众。
老美喜欢棒球、橄榄球就像中国人喜欢兵乓球、足球一样,没有任何理由。
虽然这两项运动在中国并不时兴,但是来到这边之后,不经意间它们就渗透进了我的生活。
学校放学后学生们玩的是棒球,周末电视上整天整天播放的是NFL……所以,耳濡目染,有时候我们也跟着从心底迸发出了某种激情。
棒球比赛一共有九局,一般在第七局的时候主场球队会请知名人士来唱歌,这也成为球赛的看点之一。
以前一般都是唱《Takemeouttotheballgame》,但是自从911事件发生后,就改唱《GodBlessAmerica》这首歌。
每当这个时候,全体观众起立,不论种族、不论肤色、不论文化,一起引吭高歌,共同呼吁人类和平,保护他们的家园,场面非常壮观。
GodBlessAmerica
GodBlessAmerica,
LandthatIlove.
Standbesideher,andguideher
Thruthenightwithalightfromabove.
Fromthemountains,totheprairies,
Totheoceans,whitewithfoam
GodblessAmerica,Myhomesweethome.
美国人对棒球可谓情有独钟,他们不仅爱打,爱看,还热衷为棒球作歌。
美国青少年一般都会唱五六首以棒球为主题的歌曲。
在美国人心目中,棒球不仅是一项体育运动,而且是一种全国性的高尚娱乐。
每年春夏两季,全国至少有5000万人亲临球场观看比赛,从电视、广播里收看、收听比赛转播的人就更多了。
实际上,棒球的影响已在美国形成了独特的“棒球文化”。
据美国棒球史专家沃那·佛尔森介绍,时下以棒球为主题的歌曲已超过了1000首,其中最流行的首推“带我去球场”。
这是1908年诞生的作品,当时诗人杰克·诺斯在乘坐纽约地铁时看到一幅棒球招贴画,灵感突来,就写了这首歌。
这首歌虽已有近百年的历史,但美国人至今仍在唱。
尤其在棒球比赛结束时,观众便在一个特定的时候,一起站起来活动腿脚,并高唱“带我去球场”。
为棒球球星谱写的歌曲也比比皆是,其中最有名的首推“挥棒击球的迪马森奥”。
迪马森奥是美国人公认的最伟大的棒球明星,曾为纽约扬基队连续56场击出了安打,此纪录保持至今仍未被打破。
(若水)
美国总统必修课——棒球政治学
增加曝光率
奥巴马担任MLB全明星赛开球嘉宾
在美国,橄榄球、棒球、篮球和冰球被誉为四大运动,而棒球又是其中当之无愧的国球。
从1910年威廉·塔夫特成为第一位为棒球赛开球的总统以来,几乎每一位美国总统都会遵循这一传统。
时至今日,球传到奥巴马手中,已有近百年历史。
从国家联盟于1876年宣告成立,职业棒球在美国早已走过百年历程,美国总统与民众能始终对其保持一种热爱与激情,也足见这项运动所拥有的巨大魅力。
随便一提的是,国内对NBA的报道比较多,所以大多以为篮球才是美国最热门的运动,其实光以现场观众总数论,棒球还是美国的第一运动。
在美国,棒球被叫做“国家娱乐”,就跟咱们把乒乓球列为国技是差不多的意思。
按理说棒球这运动对器械和场地的要求比较高,普及起来并不容易,可美国人有时候对越复杂的东西就越感兴趣。
历史也是个很重要的原因,棒球在美国的走红比篮球要早得多。
早在还没有NBA的时代,巴比·鲁思就已经红得一塌糊涂,据说美国人和日本人在太平洋的小岛上打仗那会儿,后者在拉手榴弹跟美国兵同归于尽之前,都会大喊一声“跟鲁思一起见鬼去吧”——在他们看来,这就是对美国人最大的侮辱。
AnearlybaseballplayerfromAPrettyLittlePocket-Book,publishedin1760
HowBaseballBegan
Nooneisexactlysurehowbaseballbegan,butitseemstohaveitsrootsintheEnglishgamecalled"rounders"or"four-old-cat."Thispicturewaspublishedinachildren'smagazinewiththetitle"Base-ball"in1760andshowsplayersstandingatbases;oneholdingaball.Roundershadmanyofthesamefeaturesasbaseballhastoday.Theonemajordifferencewasthatinroundersthefielderputthebatteroutbyhittinghimwiththeball.Whydoyouthinktheychangedthatfeatureofthegame?
UnionprisonersatSalisbury,NorthCarolinaplaybaseballin1863
HowBaseballBegan
WhenagroupinNewYorkCitygottogetherin1845toregulatetherulesofbaseball,theydecidedthattogetabaserunnerout,anopposingplayerneedonlytaghimwiththeballinsteadofhittinghimwithit.Fromthenon,baseballwasplayedusingahardball,andsoonthegamebegantobeplayedonamuchlargerscale.Baseballbecameanorganizedsportinthe1840sand1850s.PeopleevenplayeditduringtheCivilWar.InthisprintyoucanseeUnionsoldiersplayingabaseballgameinaConfederateprisoner-of-warcampinNorthCarolina.Doyouknowwherethefirstbaseballteamswereestablished?
TheBrooklynAtlantics,theChampionsofAmerica,1865
HowBaseballBegan
ManyearlybaseballteamswereformedinNewYorkCityandBrooklyn.By1860,baseballhadreplacedtheBritishgameofcricketasAmerica'smostpopulargame.Atthistime,baseballwasanamateursport,whichmeantthatplayerswerenotpaidtoplay.TheBrooklynAtlanticsweretheleadingteaminearlybaseball,winningchampionshipsin1861,1864,and1865.Theysentthiscardtoteamstheywereabouttoplaytolettheiropponentsknowtheyweregoingupagainstthechampions.AlthoughthereweremanyteamsinNewYork,wheredoyouthinkthefirstprofessionalteamcamefrom?
FirstNineoftheCincinnati(RedStockings)BaseBallClub,1869
Thefirstall-professionalbaseballteamwastheCincinnatiRedStockings.Itwasconsideredaboldmovetodecidetoopenlypayplayerstoplaybaseball,anditcanbecreditedtoClubPresidentAaronB.Champion,whocameupwiththeidea.In1869,theReds'player-managerHarryWright,knownasthe"FatherofProfessionalBaseball,"andhisteamtouredthecountryandwon60gameswithoutasingleloss.AlthoughtheNationalAssociationdidn'twanttosupporttheprofessionalbaseballmovement,theywereoverruled.MajorLeaguebaseballinAmericahadbegun.
最佳答案
Baseballisabat-and-ballsportplayedbetweentwoteamsofnineplayerseach.Thegoalistoscorerunsbyhittingathrownballwithabatandtouchingaseriesoffourbasesarrangedatthecornersofaninety-footsquare,ordiamond.Playersononeteam(thebattingteam)taketurnshittingagainstthepitcheroftheotherteam(thefieldingteam),whichtriestostopthemfromscoringrunsbygettinghittersoutinanyofseveralways.Aplayeronthebattingteamcanstopatanyofthebasesandlateradvanceviaateammate'shitorothermeans.Theteamsswitchbetweenbattingandfieldingwheneverthefieldingteamrecordsthreeouts.Oneturnatbatforeachteamconstitutesaninning;nineinningsmakeupaprofessionalgame.Theteamwiththemostrunsattheendofthegamewins.
Evolvingfromolderbat-and-ballgames,anearlyformofbaseballwasbeingplayedinEnglandbythemid-eighteenthcentury.ThisgameandtherelatedrounderswerebroughtbyBritishandIrishimmigrantstoNorthAmerica,wherethemodernversionofbaseballdeveloped.Bythelatenineteenthcentury,baseballwaswidelyrecognizedasthenationalsportoftheUnitedStates.Baseballontheprofessional,amateur,andyouthlevelsisnowpopularinNorthAmerica,partsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbean,andpartsofEastAsia.Thegameissometimesreferredtoashardball,incontrasttothederivativegameofsoftball.
InNorthAmerica,professionalMajorLeagueBaseball(MLB)teamsaredividedintotheNationalLeague(NL)andAmericanLeague(AL).Eachleaguehasthreedivisions:
East,West,andCentral.Everyyear,thechampionofMajorLeagueBaseballisdeterminedbyplayoffsthatculminateintheWorldSeries.Fourteamsmaketheplayoffsfromeachleague:
thethreeregularseasondivisionwinners,plusonewildcardteam.
Popularityandculturalimpact
Writingin1919,philosopherMorrisRaphaelCohendescribedbaseballasAmerica'snationalreligion.[140]InthewordsofsportscolumnistJaysonStark,baseballhaslongbeen"auniqueparagonofAmericanculture"—astatusheseesasdevastatedbythesteroidabusescandal.[141]Baseballhasanimportantplaceinothernationalculturesaswell:
ScholarPeterBjarkmandescribes"howdeeplythesportisingrainedinthehistoryandcultureofanationsuchasCuba,[and]howthoroughlyitwasradicallyreshapedandnativizedinJapan."[142]Sincetheearly1980s,theDominicanRepublic,inparticularthecityofSanPedrodeMacorís,hasbeenthemajorleagues'primarysourceofforeigntalent.[143]BoththelocalwinterleagueandmajorleagueballarecloselyfollowedinPuertoRico;majorleagueHall-of-FamerRobertoClementeremainsoneofthegreatestnationalheroesintheisland'shistory.[144]IntheWesternHemisphere,baseballisalsooneoftheleadingsportsinCanada,Colombia,Mexico,theNetherlandsAntilles,Nicaragua,Panama,andVenezuela.InAsia,itisamongthemostpopularsportsinSouthKoreaandTaiwan.
ThemajorleaguegameintheUnitedStateswasoriginallytargetedtowardamiddle-class,white-collaraudience:
relativetootherspectatorpastimes,theNationalLeague'ssetticketpriceof50centsin1876washigh,whilethelocationofplayingfieldsoutsidetheinnercityandtheworkweekdaytimeschedulingofgameswerealsoobstaclestoablue-collaraudience.[145]Acenturylater,thesituationwasverydifferent.Withtheriseinpopularityofotherteamsportswithmuchhigheraverageticketprices—football,basketball,andhockey—professionalbaseballhadbecomeamongthemostblue-collar-orientedofleadingAmericanspectatorsports.[146]
Inrecentyears,baseball'spositioncomparedtofootballintheUnitedStateshasmovedincontradictorydirections.In2008,MajorLeagueBaseballsetarevenuerecordof$6.5 billion,matchingtheNFL'srevenueforthefirsttimeindecades.[147]Ontheotherhand,thepercentageofAmericansportsfanspolledwhonamedbaseballastheirfavoritesportwas16%,comparedtoprofootballat31%;in1985,therespectivefigureswereprofootball24%,baseball23%.[148]Becausetherearesomanymoremajorleaguebaseballgamesplayed,thereisnocomparisoninoverallattendance.In2008,totalattendanceatmajorleaguegameswasthesecond-highestinhistory:
78.6million,0.7%offtherecordsetthepreviousyear.[61]AttendanceatgamesheldundertheMinorLeagueBaseballumbrellaalsosetarecordin2007,with42.8million;[62]thisfiguredoesnotincludeattendanceatgamesoftheseveralindependentminorleagues.
TwoplayersonthebaseballteamofTokyo,Japan'sWasedaUniversityin1921
InJapan,wherebaseballisinarguablytheleadingspectatorteamsport,combinedrevenueforthetwelveteamsinNipponProfessionalBaseball(NPB),thebodythatoverseesboththeCentralandPacificleagues,wasestimatedat$1 billionin2007.TotalNPBattendancefortheyearwasapproximately20million.Whileintheprecedingtwodecades,MLBattendancegrewby50percentandrevenuenearlytripled,thecomparableNPBfigureswerestagnant.ThereareconcernsthatMLB'sgrowinginterestinacquiringstarJapaneseplayerswillhurtthegameintheirhomecountry.[69]InCuba,wherebaseballisbyeveryreckoningthenationalsport,[149]thenationalteamovershadowsthecityandprovincialteamsthatplayinthetop-leveldomesti
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