英语写作过程性词汇表.docx
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英语写作过程性词汇表.docx
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英语写作过程性词汇表
SimilarityRelations
like
look*like
resembl*
approximate*
similarto
identicalwith
identicalto
parallelto
parallelwith
analogousto
thesameas
comparableto
shar*
akinto
akindof
counterpart*of
correspond*to
match*
proportionalto
anequivalentof
equalto
equivalentto
indistinguishablefro
synonymouswith
consist*of
constitut*
represent*
consideredas
interpretedas
regardedas
thoughtofas
approach
DifferenceRelations
asopposedto
differentfrom
dissimilar
distinctfrom
distinguishedfrom
opposite
unlike
differ*from
conflict*
polar
contradictory
InclusionRelations
akindof
asortof
amemberof
atypeof
belong*to
fall*into
fellinto
acaseof
aclassof
aformof
avariantof
afamilyof
contain*
embody*
cover*
encompass*
include*
asillustratedby
exemplifiedby
representedby
anexampleof
prototypeof
representativeof
occur*as
rang*from
var*from
categor*
famil*
variet*
classification*
coverage*
group*
acomponentof
aningredientof
anelementof
apartof
asectionof
asegmentof
composedof
comprisedof
dividedinto
subdividedinto
partitionedinto
equippedwith
filledwith
formedby
madefrom
madeupof
providedwith
compris*
consist*of
component*
member*
theremaining
portion*
subunit*
unit*
system*
afragmentof
apieceof
aportionof
appear*in
characteristic*of
trait*of
feature*of
part*of
characterizedby
possess*
form*
the*featureof
ExclusionRelations
absentfrom
excludedfrom
totheexclusionof
devoidof
freeof
lack*
missing
ChangeofState
aris*from
arosefrom
aris*outof
aroseoutof
aderivativeof
aproductof
com*from
camefrom
deriv*from
develop*from
originat*from
giv*riseto
gaveriseto
giv*awayto
gaveawayto
yield*
follow*
caus*
produc*
belong*to
dueto
producedby
producedfrom
theresultof
result*from
result*in
thereasonwhy
thefindingof
convertedto
becom*
became
branch*into
evolv*into
transform*into
render*
turn*into
switch*
chang*into
grow*
grew
shift*
develop*
processof
Functioning
act*asact*tobehav*like
functionas
ha*arolein
play*theroleof
play*apartin
provid*
serv*as
usefulfor
usedfor
usedtodo
chosenas
employ*as
method*
means
SpatialRelations
adjacentto
containedin
containedwithin
coatedwith
coveredwith
embeddedin
equidistant
parallelto
insertedinto
positionedat
separated
surroundedby
fac*
situat*
sit*
sat
stand*
stood
resid*
surround
foundin
exist*in
there*
arranged
distributed
located
placed
extend*
lie
lay
lain
lying
opposite
TemporalRelations
previous*
current*
present
atonce
soon
former
later
past
following
temporal*
permanent*
last*
gradual*
sudden*
eternal*
immediate*
timely
early
late
duration
already
yet
pre-*
post-*
urgent*
thereupon
hitherto
henceforward
henceforth
first*
second*
third*
forth*
fifth*
sixth*
atfirst
firstofall
intheend
atlast
final*
next*
annual*
yearly
monthly
weekly
daily
always
often
sometimes
seldom
hardly
never
ever
once
twice
frequent*
constant*
simultaneous*
nolonger
nomore
notanymore
notanylonger
continual*
continuous*
average
regular*
future
with*frequency
PhysicalCharacteristics
extend*
measur*
maintain*
weigh*
*-colored
*-sized
*-formed
*-part
*-shaped
ha*a*-likeappearance
intheformof
intheshapeof
inshadesof
dimension
be
is
are
was
were
being
been
inshape
witha*c
with*co
shape
look
QuantityModification
ahighpercentageof
asmallpercentageof
apercentageof
rateof
percent
proportio
avarietyof
aquantityof
volume*of
amount*of
number*of
part*of
aclassof
afamilyof
aserieso
asetof
1.It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型Shehadsaidwhatitwasnecessarytosay.2.强调句型Itisnotwhorulesusthatisimportant,buthowherulesus.3."All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词)Hewasallgentlenesstoher.4.利用词汇重复表示强调Acrimeisacrimeacrime.5."something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of""somethingof"相当于"tosomeextent",表示程度。
在疑问句或条件从句中,则为"anythingof",可译为"有点","略微等。
""译为毫无","全无"。
"muchof"译为"大有","notmuchof"可译为"算不上","称不上","littleof"可译为"几乎无"。
somethinglike译为"有点像,略似。
"Theysaythathehadnouniversityeducation,butheseemstobesomethingofascholar.6.同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物,"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语,以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。
如"heroldsharperofafather",可译为:
"她那骗子般的父亲"。
Thosepigsofgirlseatsomuch.7.as…as…can(may)beItisasplainasplaincanbe.8."Itisin(with)…asin(with)"Itisinlifeasinajourney.9."asgoodas…"相等于,就像,几乎如;实际上,其实,实在。
Themerchantasgoodaspromisedtheorphanboy,thathewouldadopthim.10."manyaswell…as"和"mightaswell…as""manyaswell…as"可译为"与其……,不如……,更好","以这样做……为宜","如同……,也可以……"等等。
"mightaswell…as"表示不可能的事,可译为"犹如……","可与……一样荒唐","与其那样不如这样的好"等等。
Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitimperfectly.11."tomake…of"的译法(使……成为……,把……当作)Iwillmakeascientistofmyson.12.oo…+不定式",not(never)too…+不定式","too…not+不定式Sheistooangrytospeak.13.only(not,all,but,never)too…todoso和"tooready(apt)+todo"结构中,不定式也没有否定意义,凡是"not","all""but等字后+"too…to,"不定式都失去了否定意义,在"tooready(apt)+todo"结构中,不定式也没有否定意义。
Youknowbuttooyelltoholdyourtongue.14."nomore…than…"句型Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoulisaman.15."notsomuch…as"和"notsomuchas…"结构,"notsomuch…as"="notsomuchas…",其中as有进可换用butrather,可译为:
"与其说是……毋须说是……"。
而"notsomuchas"="without(not)even,"可译为"甚至……还没有"。
Theoceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit.16."Nothingismore…than"和"Nothingisso…as"结构,"Nothingismore…than"和
"Nothingisso…as"都具有最高级比较的意思,"NothingI"可换用"no","nobody","nowhere","little","few","hardly","scarcely"等等,可译为"没有……比……更为","像……
再没有了","最……"等。
Nothingismorepreciousthantime.17."cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"Itisimpossibletooverdo…"或者,即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。
"not"可换用"hardly","scarcely"等,"too"可换用"enough","sufficient"等。
Youcannotbetoocareful.18."否定+but"结构,在否定词后面的"but",具有"whichnot","whonot","thatnot",等等否定意义,构成前后的双重否定。
可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等。
Nothingissobadbutitmighthavebeenworse.19."否定+until(till)"结构,在否定词"no","not","never","little","few","seldom"等的后边所接用的"until/till",多数情况下译为"直到……才……","要……才……",把否定译为肯定。
Nobodyknowswhathecandotillhehastried.20."notso…but"和"notsucha…but"结构,这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多,不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词,表示程度。
可译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度","并不是……不……","无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。
Heisnotsosickbuthecancometoschool.21."疑问词+should…but"结构,这个结构表示过去的意外的事,意为"none…but",可译为"除了……还有谁会……","岂料","想不到……竟是……"等。
Whoshouldwriteitbuthimself?
22."whoknowsbut(that)…"和"whocouldshould…but"结构,这个结构是反问形式,一般意译为"多半","亦未可知"等等,有时也可直译。
Whoknowsbut(that)hemaygo?
23."祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构,"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…","祈使名+or"表示"if…not…,you。
24."名词+and"结构,在这个结构中,名词等于状语从句,或表示条件,或表示时间。
Aword,andhewouldlosehistemper25."as…,so…"结构,这里的"so"的意思是"inthesameway"(也是如此)。
此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。
Asrusteatsiron,socareeatstheheart.26."ifany"结构,"ifany"和"ifever",意思是"果真有……","即使有……",表示加强语气。
与此类似的还有:
"ifanything"(如有不同的话,如果稍有区别),"ifaday"(=atleast,至少)。
Thereislittle,ifany,hope.27."beitever(never)so"和"letitbeever(never)so"结构,这里,"beit"中的"be"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式,现代英语则使用"letitbe"。
"everso"和"neverso"都表示同一意思,都表示"very"。
Beiteversohumble(letitbeeversohumble),homeishome.28."thelast+不定式"和"thelast+定语从词"结构,这种结构中的"last"意思是"theleastlikely",用于否定性推论。
可译为"最不大可能的","最不合适的",由原意的"最后一个……"变成"最不可能……的一个"。
Heisthelastmantoacceptabride.
29."so…tha
t…"句型,这个句型的意思是"如此……,以致于……",但在翻译成汉语时,许多情况下,并不是一定要译成"如此……以致于……",而是变通表达其含义。
Heransofastthatnobodycouldcatchhimup.30."more+than+原级形容词(副词)"结构,这是将不同性质加以比较,其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。
Itismorethanprobablethathewillfall.31."morethan+动词"结构,这种结构表示动词的程度,可译为"异常","岂止","十二分地"等。
Thismorethansatisfiedme.32."goodand…"的副词用法,译为"非常","很"等。
类似还有"niceand…","fineand…,""lovelyand…","brightand…","rareand…","bigand…"等,均表示程度。
Theapplesaregoodandripe.33."andthat"结构,这个"andthat"应译为"而且……",表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加强,"that"代表前面的整个陈述部分。
Returntoyourwork,andthatatonce.34."atonce…and"结构,这个结构译为"既……又……",起相关连接的作用,相当于"both…and…"。
Thenovelisatoncepleasingandinstructive.35."inthat…"结构,这个结构的意思是"在那一点上(方面)",可译为"因为"。
类似的结构还有"inthis…"。
Thebudgetisunrealisticinthatitdisregardsincreasedcosts.36."thenamenotwithstanding"结构,这个结构中"notwithstanding"是介词,这个介词可以置前,可以置后,比如也可写成:
"notwithstandingthename"。
起让步状语的作用。
Somepeoplethinkofthestoragebatteryasasortofcondenserwhereelectricityisstored.Butthisisanentirelywrongconception,thenamenotwithstanding.37."Every…not"和"All…not"结构,"Every…not"表示"不见得每个……都是……";"All…not"表示"不见得所有……都是……"的意思。
Everymanisnotpolite,andallarenotborngentlemen.38."mayaswellnot…as"结构,此结构可译为"与其……不如不……"。
Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitbutimperfectly.39."haveonlyto…do"结构,此结构表示"只须(消)……就能……"的意思。
WehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinarydiscoverymadebyEdisontoseethesignificanceofit.40."not(no)…unless…"句型Noincreaseinoutputcanbeexpectedunlessanewassemblylineisinstalled.41."better…than…"句型Bettermylifeshouldbeendedbytheirhate,thanthathatedlifeshouldbeprolongedtolivewithoutyourlove.42."asitwere"是一个非常常用的插入语,意思是"好象","可以说"等。
Apieceofironnearamagnet,thoughapparentlyseparatefromit,feels,asitwere,thethreadsofthisattachment.43.复杂结构,在下面例句中,由于anyone的定语从句过长,把谓语mustrealize提到定语从句之前。
Thoughfaithandconfidencearesurelymoreorlassforeigntomynature,Idonot
infr
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