用马斯洛需求层次理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物.docx
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用马斯洛需求层次理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物.docx
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用马斯洛需求层次理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物
摘要
《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一位农村女孩不甘贫穷,独自来到芝加哥实现自己的“美国梦”,最终成为了纽约百老汇的一位著名演员,物质享受得到满足,精神却陷入迷失的故事。
阅读这部小说我们很容易注意到嘉莉不断升级的需要及日益增长的欲望,及在追求欲望的过程中对传统道德的违背。
本文主要依据马斯洛层次需求理论,分析嘉莉及与嘉莉妹妹关系密切的两位男主人公,在不同时期的不同需要,并分析这些欲望产生的原因,即一方面是人物内在的欲望,另一方面是环境、城市的诱惑等外在因素。
这两方面的相互作用最终导致嘉莉陷入精神的迷失。
《嘉莉妹妹》的故事似乎在警示我们,在物质越来越发达的今天,人们不应该盲目追求物质的享受,而应该充分认识到精神带给人们的幸福感和满足感,思索自己人生的意义和价值所在。
关键词:
嘉莉妹妹;欲望;层次需求理论
Abstract
SisterCarrietellsthestoryofasmallcountrygirlCarriewhomovestoChicagotorealizeher“AmericanDream”andeventuallybecomesaBroadwaystarinNewYork.Despitelivingaluxuriouslife,sheislostinspirit.Readingthenovel,wemayeasilynoticeCarrie’sdifferentneedsanddesiresarisinggraduallyandalsothebetrayaloftraditionalmoralcodeintheprocessofpursuingmaterialgain.ThepaperanalyzesthereasonswhyCarrieandtwomaleheroesclosedtoherhavevariousneedsatdifferentstagesoflife,mainlybasedonMaslow’shierarchyofneeds.Oneisfigures’innerdesires;theotheristheoutsideforce,includingtemptationsofenvironment,cites,etc.TheinteractionbetweenthemmakesCarrieloseherselfeventually.Itseemstotellpeoplethatinmodernsocietymaterialsuppliesmoreandmoreabundantly,butweshouldneverpursueitblindlyandmuchimportanceshouldbeattachedtohappinessandstabilitycreatedbyspirit.Itisessentialtoponderthesignificanceandthevalueoflife.
Keywords:
SisterCarrie;desire;hierarchyofneeds
Contents
Chapter1GeneralIntroduction
1.1Abouttheauthorandthenovel
1.1.1Theauthor:
TheodoreDreiser
TheodoreDreiseristhemostoutstandingrealisticnovelistinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.HeisalsoanAmericannaturalisticwriterfamousfortheexplorationofrealisticlife.DreiserwasborninIndianainapoorGermanimmigrantfamily.WhenDreiserwaseight,hismotherwasforcedbythepressureofliving,lefthomewithhimandthreeotheryoungchildren,wanderedfromonetowntoanotherintheMidwest.Thefamilylivedatoughandcriticizedlife.Dreiser’schildhoodalsoenduredpovertyandignorance.
In1887,hecametoChicagoalone,workedinrestaurantsandhardwarecompanies.Inspiteofthis,hewasattractedbythecitylifefullofexcitementandstimulation.In1889,“hewassponsoredbyasympatheticmiddleschoolteachertostudyattheUniversityofIndiana.Buthedroppedoutofschoolthenextyear,returnedtoChicagotobecomeadebtcollectorinarealestateandfurniturecompany”(WangSixiang,2009:
158).Thisjobledhimtocomeintocontactwiththeunderworldcharactersandthedarksideofsociety,accumulatedawealthofmaterialforthefuturecreation.Italsodeterminedthenaturalisticcolorandthetragicthoughtofhiscreation.Dreiserenteredthepressin1892,startedtobeajournalist.InChicago,hewitnessedthestrongcontrastofextremepovertyandextravagantlife.Theseexperiencesarethebeginningofhisthought,whichledhimtocreatehisownnovel.
1.1.2Thenovel:
SisterCarrie
SisterCarrie,TheodoreDreiser’sfirstnovel,isagoodworkofepoch-makingsignificanceinthehistoryofAmericanfiction.ThisnoveltellsthestoryofCarolineMeeber,aprettyruralgirl,leavesherruralhometomakealivinginChicago.Onthetrain,shemeetsCharlesDrouet,atravelingsalesman.Theharshrealityshattersherdream.Atthesametime,infrontofherisunemploymentanddisease.IndesperationshebecomesDrouet’smistress.Later,duetothegreaterdesire,shebecomesthehotelmanagerHurstwood’smistress.HurstwoodandCarrieelopetoNewYork,andCarriebecomesapopularactorbychanceandsqueezesintotheupperclass.However,Hurstwoodbecomespoorerandfinallycommittedsuicide.Thelifeofupperclassdoesnotmakeherfeelsatisfied.Shefeelsemptyandcannotfindtherealmeaningoflife.Inthelonelinessanddesolation,shesitsinarockingchairdreamingofthehappinessthatshewouldnotget.
ThenovelrevealsthecruelsqueezingoftheAmericancapitalistsystemforpoorpeopleandthecorrosiveactionofbourgeoislifestyleforpettybourgeois.Andthemoralconceptthenovelreflectsisalsoacounter-tradition.BecauseCarrieratherthanbepunishedforherdepravity,butbecomesapopularstarofmusicalcomediesfinally.Therefore,thisbookhasarousedwidespreadconcerninsocietysinceitwaspublished,wasbannedforatimewhichleduptointensecontroversyoftheliteraryworldformorethan30yearsuntilitisregardedasaclassictogainpublicrecognition.Untiltodaythenovelwasbornonehundredyearslater,peoplearestillcontroversialaboutCarrie’scharacterandbehavior,especiallyherendlessdesire.
1.2AboutMaslow’shierarchyofhumanneeds
InMaslow’shierarchyofneeds,therearefivekindsofneedsrangingfromlowerleveltohigherlevel.Thesearephysiological,safety,love,esteem,andself-actualizationneeds.
(1)Thephysiologicalneeds—itisthemostbasicrequirementofhumanbeings,includingfood,sleep,water,secretion,andsex.Ifanyoneoftheseneeds,exceptsex,cannotbesatisfied,thephysiologicalfunctionofhumancannotoperatenormally.Inotherwords,thelifeofhumanwouldbethreatened.Inthissense,thephysiologicalneedistheprimarymotivationofpeople’saction.Maslowbelievesthatonlythosebasicneedsbemet,theotherneedscanbecomenewmotivatingfactors.Andtothispoint,theneedshasbeenrelativelysatisfiedwillnolongerbemotivatingfactors.
(2)Thesafetyneeds—itisthedemandforthefollowingthings:
personalandpropertysafety,healthcare,jobsecurityandfamilysafety.Maslowbelievesthatthepursuitofthewholeorganismisasecuritymechanism,thehumanreceptors,effectors’organs,intelligenceandotherformsofenergyaremainlyseekingsafetytools.Wecanevenputbothscienceandphilosophyaspartofmeetingthesecurityneeds.(3)Theloveandbelongingneeds—ifbothphysiologicalandsafetyneedsarerelativelywellsatisfied,andthentherewillemergetheloveandbelongingneeds.Everyonewantstogetmutualconcernandcare.Theloveandbelongingneedsismoremeticulousthanthephysiologicalneeds.Itrelatestoaperson’sphysiologicalcharacteristics,experience,educationandreligion.Generallypeoplewillhungerforaffectionaterelationswithothers,foraplaceinthegroupandhaveafamily.(4)Theesteemneeds—everyonewantstohaveastablesocialstatus.Anditrequeststhatpersonalabilityandachievementsarerecognizedbythesociety.Theseneedscanbedividedintotwoparts.Firstisthedesireforstrength,achievement,adequacy,confidenceandfreedom.Secondly,wehavewhatwemaycallthedesireforreputation,attention,importanceorappreciation.Satisfactionoftheesteemneedcanmakepeoplehaveconfidence,worth,strength,capabilityandadequacyofbeingusefulandnecessaryintheworld.(5)Theself-actualizationneeds—itisthehighestlevelofneeds.Itreferstotherealizationofpersonalideals,aspirationsandtheindividual’sabilitytothegreatestdegree.Maslownotesthatinordertosatisfyself-actualizationneeds,differentpeopletakedifferentmeasures.Theself-actualizationneedisanefforttorealizetheirpotential.Itistomakethembecomethecharacterstheydesiretobe.
Thesebasicneedsarerelatedtoeachoneandanother,butanyphysiologicalandsafetyneedsthatremainunsatisfiedwillkeepplayinganimportantrole,andneedsatoneleveldonothavetobecompletelysatisfiedbeforeneedsatthenexthigherlevelcomeintoplay.Thismeansthatthehighestgoalwillmonopolizeconsciousnessandwilltendtoorganizetherecruitmentofthevariouscapacitiesoftheorganism.Thelowerneedsareminimized,evenforgottenordenied.Butwhenaneedisfairlywellsatisfied,thenexthigherneedemerges,inturntodominatetheconsciouslifeandtoserveasthecenteroforganizationofbehavior,sincegratifiedneedsarenotactivemotivators.
Chapter2Carrier’sneeds
2.1Carrie’sprimaryneeds
2.1.1Thephysiologicalneeds:
leavingforChicago
BytheendoftheCivilWar(1861-1865),mostoftheforcesthatwouldtypifytwentiethcenturyAmericanhadbeguntoemerge.Northernindustrialismhadtriumphedoversouthernagrarianism.Thegreatageofbigcitybossismbegan.Americansceasedtobeisolatedfromtheworldandfromeachother.SoontheUnitedStateshadthemostextensiverailroadsystemintheworld.ThetempooflifeacceleratedasAmericansbecameincreasinglymobile.From1870to1890thetotalpopulationoftheUnitedStatesdoubled.Villagesbecametowns,townsbecamecities,andcitiesgrewtoasizewithaspeedthatwouldhaveastonishedtheFoundingFathers.ThepopulationofChicagoincreasedtwentytimestotwomillion,makingitthenation’ssecondlargestcityafterNewYork.Thenationalincomequadrupled.ItwasthebeginningofwhatMarkTwaincalled“TheGildedAge”.Thousandsandthousandsofmen,womenandchildrennative-bornandforeign,floodedtoAmericancities,drawnbyhopesformakingtheirfortune.Theybelievedthatanyonecouldgraspanopportunitytoattainsuccessthroughhonestandhardwork.JustasAmericannaturalistsargued:
theworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment.
Dreiserclothedthesocialphenomenonofso-called“AmericanDream”throughhischaracter,Carrie.Atthebeginningofthenovel,theheroin,Carrie,keepspacewiththegeneraltrendofthetime,andmovestoChicago,whichisnotfarawayfromherhometown.Sheiseighteenyearsold,bright,timid,andfulloftheillusionsofignoranceandyouth:
Andyetshewasinterestedinhercharms,quicklytounderstandthekeenerpleasuresoflife,ambitioust
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