运输管理外文文献翻译.docx
- 文档编号:10276745
- 上传时间:2023-02-09
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:12
- 大小:26.13KB
运输管理外文文献翻译.docx
《运输管理外文文献翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《运输管理外文文献翻译.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
运输管理外文文献翻译
外文翻译—原文部分
Transportationmanagement
Transportcostisinfluencedbysevenfactors.Thespecificfactorsaredistance,volume,density,stow-ability,handling,liability,andmarket.Ingeneral,theabovesequencereflectstherelativeimportanceofeachfactor.
Distanceisamajorinfluenceontransportationcostsinceitdirectlycontributestovariablecost,suchaslabor,fuelandmaintenance.
Thesecondfactorisloadvolume.Likemanyotherlogisticsactivities,transportationscaleeconomicsexistformostmovements.Transportationcostperunitofweightdecreasesasloadvolumeincreases.
Thethirdeconomicfactorisproductdensity,whichincorporatesweightandspaceconsiderations.Theseareimportantsincetransportationcostisusuallyquotedintermsofdollarsperunitofweight,suchasamountperton.Intermsofweightandspace,anindividualvehicleisconstrainedmorebyspacethanbyweight.Onceavehicleisfullintermsofspace,itisnotpossibletoincreasetheamountcarriedeveniftheproductislight.Sinceactualvehiclelaborandfuelexpensesarenotdramaticallyinfluencedbyweight,higherdensityproductsallowrelativelyfixedtransportcoststobespreadacrossadditionalweight.Asaresult,theseproductsareassessedlowertransportcostsperunitofweight.
Thestowabilityfactorreferstoproductdimensionsandhowtheyaffectvehiclespaceultilization.Oddsizesandspaces,aswellasexcessiveweightorlength,donotshowwellandtypicallywastespace.Itemswithstandardrectangularshapesaremucheasiertoshowthanodd-shapeditems.
Specialhandlingequipmentmayberequiredforloadingorunloadingtrucks,railcars,orships.Furthermore,themannerinwhichproductsarephysicallygroupedtogether(e.g.,taped,boxed,orpalletized)fortransportandstoragealsoaffectshandlingcost.
Finally,marketfactors,suchaslanevolumeandbalance,influencetransportationcost.Atransportlanereferstomovementsbetweenoriginanddestinationpoints.Sincetransportationvehiclesanddriversmustreturntotheirorigin,eithertheymustfindaloadtobringback(“back-haul”),orwhendeadheadmovementsoccur,labor,fuel,andmaintenancecostsmustbechargedagainsttheoriginal“front-haul”move.Thus,theidealsituationisfor“balanced”moveswherevolumeisequalinbothdirections.However,thisisrarelythecasebecauseofdemandimbalancesinmanufacturingandconsumptionlocations.
Transportdocumentation
Severaldocumentsarerequiredtoperformeachtransportmovement.Thethreeprimarytypesarebillsoflading,freightbills,andshippingmanifests.
Thebillofladingisthebasicdocumentultilizedinpurchasingtransportservice.Itservesasareceiptanddocumentscommoditiesandquantitiesshipped.Forthisreason,accuratedescriptionandcountareessential.Incaseofloss,damage,ordelay,thebillofladingisthebasisfordamageclaims.Thedesignatedindividualorbuyeronabillofladingistheonlybonafiderecipientofgoods.Acarrierisresponsiblefordeliveryaccordingtoinstructionscontainedinthedocument.Ineffect,titleistransferredwithcompletionofdelivery.
ThebillofladingspecifiestermsandconditionsofcarrierliabilityanddocumentsresponsibilityforallpossiblecausesoflossordamageexceptthosedefinedasactsofGod.Itisimportantthattermsandconditionsbeclearlyunderstoodsothatappropriateactionscanbetakenintheeventofsubstandardperformance.
Inadditiontotheuniformbilloflading,anothercommonlyusedtypeisorder-notified.Itisimportanttoselectthecorrectbillofladingforaspecificshipment.
Anordernotifiedornegotiablebillofladingisacreditinstrument.Inprovidesthatdeliverynotbemadeunlesstheoriginalbillofladingissurrenderedtothecarrier.Theusualprocedureisforthesellertosendtheordernotifiedbillofladingtoathirdparty,usuallyabankorcreditinstitution.Uponcustomerpaymentfortheproduct,thecreditinstitutionreleasesthegoods.Thisfacilitatesinternationaltransportwherepaymentforgoodsismajorconsideration.
Thefreightbillpresentsacarrier’smethodofchargingfortransportationservices.Itisdevelopedusinginformationcontainedinthebilloflading.Thefreightbillmaybeeitherprepaidorcollect.Aprepaidbillmeansthattransportcostmustbepaidpriortoperformance,whereasacollectshipmentshiftspaymentresponsibilitytotheconsignee.Considerableadministrationisinvolvedinpreparingbillsofladingandfreightbills.
Theshippingmanifestlistsindividualstopsorconsigneeswhenmultipleshipmentsareplacedonasinglevehicle.Eachshipmentrequiresabilloflading.Themanifestlistthestop,billoflading,weight,andcasecountforeachshipment.Theobjectiveofthemanifestistoprovideasingledocumentthatdefinesthecontentsoftotalloadwithoutrequiringareviewofindividualbillsoflading.Forsingle-stopshipments,themanifestisthesameasthebilloflading.
AntilockBrakingSystemforCommercialVehicles
TheABSpreventsthewheelsfromlockingwhenthevehicleisoverbraked.Thevehiclethereforeretainsitsdirectionalstabilityandsteerabilityevenunderemergencybrakingonaslipperyroadsurface.Thestoppingdistanceisoftenshorterasopposedtobrakingwithlockedwheels.
Incontrasttopassengercars,commercialvehicleshavepneumaticbrakingsystems.Nevertheless,thefunctionaldescriptionoftheABScontrolcircuitsforpassengerscarsappliesalsotocommercialvehicles.
Theantilockbrakingsystemasusedincommercialvehiclesconsistofwheel-speedsensors,anelectroniccontrollerandpressure-modulationvalves.TheABSregulatesthebrakepressureineachbrakecylinderbyincreasingthepressure,holdingitconstantorbyreducingitbyexhaustingtoatmosphere.Thebrakepressurecanbecontrolledindividuallyforeachwheel.Undersplitconditions(differentfrictioncoefficientsbetweenright-handandleft-handwheels,e.g.blackiceatedgeofroadsurface,goodgripatcenterofroadsurface)brakingproducesahighyawingmomentabouttheverticalaxisofthevehicle:
thisiscoupledwithahighsteeringmomentasaresultofthepositivesteeringrollradiiincommercialvehicles.Vehicleswithashortwheelbasearethusdifficulttocontrol.Therefore,inthecaseofunequalfrictioncoefficientsonrightandleft,theyawingandsteeringmomentsarelimitedbyamodifiedcontrolatthesteeringaxle.Thedifferenceinbrakepressurebetweentheright-handandleft-handbrakingcylindersdoesnotexceedanallowablevalue.
Dependingonthenumberofcontrolledaxles,thereare2-wheeland6-wheelABSsystemsavailableinordertobeabletooptimizetheequippingofthevariousmodelsofcommercialvehicleintermsofperformanceandcost.2-wheelsystemsareusedpredominantlyforsemitrailerswith2-wheel,4-wheelor6-wheelunits.Thewheelsoneachaxleareindividuallycontrolled.Furtheraxlesreceivethesamebrakingpressureasthecontrolledaxle.4-wheelsystemsareusedin4-wheelbuses,trucksandtrailersaswellasin6-wheelvehicleswith4-wheelunit,theaxlesofwhichcanbeservedwithonecontrolcircuit.6-wheelsystemsareintendedmainlyforvehicleswithalongwheelbase,e.g.articulatedbuses.Allsystemscanbeequippedwithsingle-channelortwo-channelpressure-modulationvalves.
Withtheenginebrakeorretarderon,theABSmonitorsbrakeslipandregulateitwithintheallowablerangebyswitchingtheretarderonandoff.
Inthecommercialvehicleswithpneumatic/hydraulicconverters,e.g.fordiskbrakes,theABSallowablethepneumaticbrakecircuit.
Invehiclecombinations,fullequippingwithABSistheoptimum,butevenpartialequippingwithABS(ABSintowingvehicleortrailer).Makesthevehiclecombinationeasiertocontrol.
1.WheelSpeedSensor
Awheel-speedsensorconsistsofatoothedpulseringandaninductivewheel-speedpickup.Thepulseringismountedonthehuband,asthewheelrotates,producesinthewheel-speedpickupanA.C.voltage,thefrequencyofwhichisproportionaltothewheelspeed.
Thewheel-speedpickupisheldinamountingholebyaspringsleeve.Whenbeinginstalledinvehicle,itispressedinuntilitcomesupagainstthepulsering.Asaresultofthewheel-bearingplayandtheelasticdeformationsofaxle,itispushedoutbythepulseringduringdriving,thusbeingautomaticallyadjustedtothenecessarygap.
2.ElectronicController
Theelectroniccontrollerisbasicallyofdigitaldesignandcontainsredundantmicrocomputers.
Fromthesignalsfromthewheel-speedpickups,thesemicrocomputerscalculatethewheelspeedsaswellasthewheeldecelerationsandaccelerations.Avehiclereferencespeedisformedfromthewheelspeedsoftwodiagonallyoppositewheels.Withthisreferencespeedandtheindividualwheelspeedsitispossibletocalculatethebrakeslipforeachwheel.Ifawheelhasatendencytolock,thisisdeterminedfromthewheel-accelerationandslipsignals.Insuchacase,themicrocomputerenergizethemagnetsofthepressure-modulationvalveswhichcontrolthebrakepressureintheindividualbrakecylinders.
Theelectroniccontrollercontainsacomprehensiveprogramforthedictionoffaultsthroughouttheentireantilocksystem(wheel-speedsensors,controller,pressure-modulationvalves,wiringharness).
Ifafaultisdetected,thecontrollerswitchesoffthedefectivepartoftheABS.Thisisindicatedbyawarninglamp.Theservicebrakingsystemremainsfullyoperational.
Tospeeduptrouble-shootingintheworkshop,itispossibletoswitchonthecontrollerself-diagnosisfeaturebypressingabutton.Aflashingdiagnosislampthenindicatesthedefectivecircuit
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 运输 管理 外文 文献 翻译
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)