管信复习资料.docx
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管信复习资料.docx
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管信复习资料
第一章
Thedevelopmentofcomputer
1.ENIAC(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandCalculator):
1946--developedbyJohnW.MauchlyandJ.PresperEckert
2.UNIVACI(UniversalAutomaticComputer):
Firstsoldin1951totheU.S.CensusBureau
1954--firstcomputerinstalledinabusiness(anotherUNIVACIatGE)
电脑的类型
1Mainframe:
computersarelarge,centrallylocatedcomputerstypicallyfoundinlarge
organizations.
2Minicomputers:
aresmallerandlesspowerfulcomputersthanthelargermainframeswithanabilitytohandletheprocessingofsmallorganizationsandarelessexpensivethenmainframes.
3Personalcomputers:
aresmall,relativelyinexpensivecomputersthatcanbeusedforbothbusinessandpersonalapplications.
管理信息系统的发展阶段及年代
图片理解
表格相关
ID
Informationsystems
time
1
●Transactionprocessingsystem(TPS)
1950’s
2
●Managementinformationsystem(MIS)
●Officeautomation
●Decisionsupportsystem(DSS)
1970’s
3
●EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)System
1990’s
管理信息系统Managementinformationsystems
Acomputer-basedsystemthatmakesinformationavailabletouserswithsimilarneeds.
Transactionprocessingsystem(TPS)
TransactionProcessingSystem(TPS)processesdatathatreflectstheactivitiesofthefirm.
MISMODEL(第一个重要模型)
Description:
●Thedatabasecontainsthedataprovidedbythetransactionprocessingsystem.Inaddition,bothdataandinformationareenteredfromtheenvironment.
●Theinformationisproducedfromdatainthedatabasebytwotypesofsoftware,includingreport-writingsoftwarethatcanproducebothperiodicandspecialreportssoftwareandmathematicalmodelsthatcansimulatefirmoperations.
Theoutputinformationisthenusedbyorganizationalproblem(bothmanagersandprofessionals)solversasanaidindecision-making.
Multitasking:
Performmultipleprocessingtasksfrommultipleusersconcurrently.
5Managementlevelanditsinfluencesonboththesourceandpresentationformofinformation
掌握各层次关注的信息,可以根据给出的情况判断出是哪种uers,属于哪个管理层水平
以上为图片理解
Managerscanbefound
Inadditiontotheorganizationallevels,managerscanbefoundinvariousbusinessareas.Thethreetraditionalareasaremarketing,manufacturing,andfinance.Recently,twoadditionalareashaveassumedmajorimportance—humanresourcesandinformationservices.
补充:
需要了解的
1IntroductiontoComputerArchitecture
●Thecentralprocessingunit(CPU)controlsalltheothercomponentsofthecomputer.
●Randomaccessmemory(RAM)actsasthetemporaryworkspacefortheCPU;thegreatertheworkarea,thenthemorequicklytheCPUcanaccomplishitstasks.
●Thecentralprocessingunit(CPU)randomaccessmemory(RAM)resideonthecomputer’smotherboard,thesinglecircuitrythatallotherdevicespluginto.
TheCD-ROM,floppydrive,andharddisks(alsoknownastheharddrive)arestoragedevices.Butunliketherandomaccessmemorytheyarepermanentdatastorageandnottemporary.
第二章
1TheGeneralsystemmodeloftheform(会描述模型,会画模型,理解)(第2个重要模型)
TheGeneralSystemsModelshowstheflowofresourcesfromtheenvironment,throughthefirm,andbacktotheenvironment.
Physicalresourcesflowthroughthephysicalsystematthebottomofthemodel.
Thearrowsintheupperpartofthediagramshowtheflowsoftheconceptualresources---data,information,andinformationintheformofdecisions.
Atwowayflowofdataandinformationthatconnectsthefirmtoitsenvironmentisattheright.
Thephysicalsystem:
consistsofthreeelements---input,transformation,andoutput.Physicalresourcesflowthroughthephysicalsystematthebottomofthemodel.Thephysicalresourcesincludepersonnel,material,machinesandmoney.
Whileinthefirm,allofthephysicalresourcesareusedtoproducethefirm’sproductsandservicestoitscustomers.
(解释:
物理系统由三个要素组成,即输入、转换和输出,通过物理系统在模型底部的物理系统中流动。
物质资源包括人员、材料、机器和金钱。
在公司中,所有的物质资源都是用来生产公司的产品和服务的客户。
)
Thecontrolmechanismelementsincludethestandardsofperformancethatthefirmistomeetifitistoaccomplishitsoverallobjectives,themanagement,andaninformationprocessorthattransformsdataintoinformation.
(解释:
控制机制要素包括:
企业要完成其总体目标、管理和信息处理器,将数据转换为信息的标准。
)
Feedbackloop
Thefeedbackloopiscomposedofconceptualresources--data,information,andinformationintheformofdecisions.
(反馈回路是由概念资源组成的数据、信息和信息的形式决定的。
)
Dataisgatheredfromthefirmandfromtheenvironmentandenteredintotheinformationprocessor,whichtransformsitintoinformation.
Theinformationismadeavailabletomanagementwhomakesdecisionstoaffectnecessarychangesinthephysicalsystem.
Managementisguidedinitsdecisionmakingbytheperformancestandards.
Theperformancestandardscanalsobeutilizedbytheinformationprocessorindeterminingwhentheperformanceofthefirmisnotproceedingasplaned.
(数据是从企业和环境中收集的,并输入信息处理器,它将信息转换为信息。
这些信息是由管理者提供的,他们决定在物理系统中影响必要的改变。
管理是以绩效标准为导向的决策。
在决定企业绩效的过程中,信息处理器还可以利用信息处理器的性能标准来决定企业的绩效。
)
Closed-loopsystem
Onethatcancontrolitselfbymeansofacontrolmechanismandfeedbackloop.
(闭环系统:
一个可以通过控制机制和反馈回路的装置。
)
EightEnvironmentalElements
Description:
Organizationsandindividualsthatexistoutsidethefirmandhaveadirectorindirectinfluenceonit.Suchassuppliers,customers,laborunions,financialcommunity,stockholdersandowners,competitors,andgovernments.Theseeightelementsexistinalargersystemcalledsociety.
(要求:
会描述会画图)
Suppliers:
alsocalledvendors,supplythematerial,machines,services,people,andinformationthatareusedbythefirmtoproduceitspruductsandservices.
Labborunionsaretheorganizationofbothskilledandunskilledworkersforcertaintradesandindustries.
Thefinancialcommunityconsistsofinstitutionthatinfluencethemoneyresourcesthatareavilbaletothefirm.
Stockholdersorownerarethepersonswhoinvestmoneyinthefirmandrepresenttheultimateownersofthefirm.
Competitors:
includealloftheorganizationsthatcompetewiththefirminitsmarketplace.
Thegovernment:
onthenational,stateorprovince,andlocallevels,provideconstrainsintheformoflawsandregulationSandalsoprovideSassistanceintheformofpurchases,information,andfunds.
theglobalcommunityisthegeographicareawherethefirmperformitsoperation.
customer:
theseproductSandServiceSaremarketedtothefirm'Scustomer
Porter’sValueChains
SupportActivities:
FirmInfrastructure,Humanresourcemanagement
Technologydevelopment,Procurement
PrimaryActivities:
Inboundlogistics,Operations,Outboundlogistics,
MarketingAndsales,Service
ExpandingtheScopeoftheValueChain
(要求知道如何建立连接)Askedtoknowhowtoestablishaconnection
Afirmcanlinkitsvaluechaintothoseofitssuppliersbyimplementingsystemsthatmakeinputresourcesavailablewhenneeded.
E.g.Just-in-timesystem(JIT)
Afirmcanalsolinkitsvaluechainwiththoseofitsdistributionchannelmembers.
E.g.Airline’scomputerizedreservationsystems
Thebuyers’valuechainscanalsobelinkedtothoseofthefirmanditschannelmembers.
E.g.CiscoSystemssellingswitchestoacompany
Whenthebuyerareindividualconsumers,theycanusetheircomputerstologontothefirm’sWebsiteandobtaininformationandmalepurchases.
E.g.DellComputer
(划线的是例子)
Informationmanagement
1BasicTypesofInformationResourcesAvailabletotheFirm
Afirm’sinformationresourcesconsistof:
hardware,software,informationspecialists,users,facilities,databases,andinformation.
(给出例子,知道是哪种类型)
2Informationmanagement的概念
Acquiringinformation,usingitinthemosteffectiveway,anddiscardingitatthepropertime.
(获取信息,以最有效的方式使用它,并在适当的时间丢弃它。
)
第三章
1掌握ElectronicCommerce的概念
referstoabusinesstransactionthatusesnetworkaccess,computer-basedsystems,andaWebbrowserinterface.
(指使用网络访问、计算机系统和网络浏览器接口的业务交易。
)
B2BB2C(给出情况,知道属于哪种)
2掌握概念Interorganizationalsystem(IOS)isthestrategyinwhichafirmislinkedwithtransmissionsofelectronicdatawithotherfirmssothatallofthefirmsworktogetherasacoordinatedunit,achievingbenefitsthateachcouldnotachievealone.
(跨组织信息系统(IOS)是其中一个公司与其他公司,所有的公司一起工作,为协调单元的电子数据传输相关的战略,实现效益,都无法独自完成。
)
其好处:
IOSBenefits
Contents
Descriptions
ComparativeEfficiency
•Internalefficiency
•Consistsofimprovementsinthefirm’sownoperations
•Gathersdatafaster
•Analyzeitfaster
•Makedecisionsfaster
•Interorganizationalefficiency
•Includeimprovementsthataregainedbyworkingwithotherfirms
•Offermoreproductsandservices,
•Servemorecustomers
•Shiftcertainworktosuppliersorcustomers
•Gatherenvironmentaldatamoreeasily
BargainingPower
•Theabilityofthefirmtosolvethedisagreementswithitssuppliersandcustomerstoitsownadvantage
•Uniqueproductfeatures
•Offerbetterservice
•Reducedsearch-relatedcosts
•Reducethe”shoppingcosts”
•Increasedthecustomer’sswitchingcosts
•Afirmwouldliketomakeitexpensive,incostand/orconvenience,forcustomerstoswitchtoacompetitor.
3InternalandEnvironmentalInfluencesonIOSAdoption
Adoptioninfluences(PremkumarandRamamurthy)
Competitivepressures(HIGH,firmisreactiveinadoptingIOS,usuallyEDI)
Exercisedpower(powerfulfirmisproactiveinadopting/demandingIOS)
Internalneed(firmsseeparticipationasawaytoimprove)
Topmanagementsupport(ALWAYSinfluencesthedecision)
(知道是主动还是被动影响)
4(可以根据给出的情况判断出是哪种类型的店)
Virtualsalesarethosemadebyafirmthatdoesnotoperateaphysicalstorefront.
Customercan’tenterandpurchasetheproduct.
Click-OnlyStrategy(单纯的网店)
HybridsalesoccurwhenfirmshavebothaphysicalstorefrontandaWebsitewherecustomerscanpurchaseproducts.
Brick-and-clickoperations(既有实体店又有网店)
第六章
DataField:
Thesmallestunitofdata.(i
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