河北省衡水中学高届高级高三英语二轮复习配套课件第1部分专题1考点2.docx
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河北省衡水中学高届高级高三英语二轮复习配套课件第1部分专题1考点2.docx
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河北省衡水中学高届高级高三英语二轮复习配套课件第1部分专题1考点2
第一编 专题一 考点2
[层级一 真题题组]
A
(2019·天津卷,C)
Howdoesanecosystem(生态系统)work?
Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?
Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?
Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.
Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction(灭绝)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.
Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.
Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.
Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssay,becauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(临界点),itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.
文章大意:
主题:
人与自然(环境保护);话题:
食物网。
本文是一篇说明文,文章主要介绍了科学家通过建立一个数学模型找到了管理食物网的几个主要原则。
1.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?
_B__
A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.
B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.
C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.
D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.
解析:
细节理解题。
第二段第一句“Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.”中的principles与选项B中的rules相对应,故选B。
2.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator_C__.
A.hasawidefoodchoice
B.caneasilyfindnewprey
C.stickstoonepreyspecies
D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace
解析:
细节理解题。
注意本题中涉及的是astronglink。
根据第二段第三句“Whenapredatoralwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked...”可知,当掠食动物总是吃掉大量的单一猎物时,这两种动物是紧密联系在一起的,故选C。
3.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?
_D__
A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.
B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.
C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.
D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.
解析:
推理判断题。
根据第三段中的smallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems以及其后举的例子可知,位于食物网顶端的掠食动物对其他物种的数量有着惊人的控制,即使是无直接联系的物种,故答案为D“其他物种的数量会发生意想不到的变化”。
4.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?
_A__
A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.
B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.
C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.
D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.
解析:
段落大意题。
第四段的第一句“Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.(未经计划的人类活动证明了顶端掠食动物自上而下控制的观点是正确的)”是这一段的主题句,下面的例子是为了证明它的,根据本段最后一句“这些行为已经大大影响了生态平衡”可知,人为的不受控制的行为会扰乱生态平衡,故答案为A。
5.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?
_D__
A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.
B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.
C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.
D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.
解析:
推理判断题。
由题干中的anearly-warningsystem定位到文章的最后一段。
根据最后一段中的preventioniskey可知,预防系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生态系统被破坏。
B
(2018·天津卷,B)
WhenIwas17,IreadamagazinearticleaboutamuseumcalledtheMcNay,oncethehomeofawatercoloristnamedMarianMcNay.Shehadrequestedthecommunitytoturnitintoamuseumuponherdeath.OnasunnySaturday,SallyandIdroveovertothemuseum.Sheasked,“Doyouhavetheaddress?
”“No,butI'llrecognizeit,therewasapictureinthemagazine.”
“Oh,stop.Thereitis!
”
Themuseumwasfree.Weentered,excited.Agroupofpeoplesittinginthehallstoppedtalkingandstaredatus.
“MayIhelpyou?
”amanasked.“No,”Isaid.“We'refine.”Tourguidesgotonmynerves.Whatiftheytalkedalongtimeaboutapaintingyouweren'tthatinterestedin?
Sallyhadgoneupstairs.Thepeopleinthehallseemedverynosy(爱窥探的),keepingtheireyesonmewithcuriosity.Whatwastheirproblem?
Isawsomenicesculpturesinoneroom.SuddenlyIsensedamanstandingbehindme.“Wheredoyouthinkyouare?
”heasked.Iturnedsharply.“TheMcNayArtMuseum!
”Hesmiled,shakinghishead.“Sorry,theMcNayisonNewBraunfelsStreet.”“What'sthisplace?
”Iasked,stillconfused.“Well,it'sourhome.”Myheartjolted(震颤).Iracedtothestaircaseandcalledout,“Sally!
Comedownimmediately!
”
“There'ssomereallygoodstuff(艺术作品)upthere.”Shesteppeddown,lookingconfused.Ipushedhertowardthefrontdoor,wavingatthefamily,saying,“Sorry,pleaseforgiveus,youhaveareallyniceplace.”Outside,whenItoldSallywhathappened,shecoveredhermouth,laughing.Shecouldn'tbelievehowlongtheyletuslookaroundwithoutsayinganything.
TherealMcNaywassplendid,butwefeltnervousthewholetimewewerethere.VanGogh,Picasso.Thistime,westayedtogether,incaseanythingelseunusualhappened.
Thirtyyearslater,awomanapproachedmeinapublicplace.“Excuseme,didyoueverenteraresidence,longago,thinkingitwastheMcNayMuseum?
”
“Yes.Buthowdoyouknow?
Wenevertoldanyone.”
“Thatwasmyhome.Iwasateenagersittinginthehall.Beforeyoucameover,IneverrealizedwhatabeautifulplaceIlivedin.Ineverfeltluckybefore.Youthoughtitwasamuseum.Myfeelingsaboutmyhomechangedafterthat.I'vealwayswantedtothankyou.”
文章大意:
本文是一篇记叙文。
如果你误把一户人家当成博物馆且四处参观,会是怎样一种奇特的经历呢?
让我们读一下文章,看一看作者的亲身体验吧。
6.WhatdoweknowaboutMarianMcNay?
_A__
A.Shewasapainter.
B.Shewasacommunityleader.
C.Shewasamuseumdirector.
D.Shewasajournalist.
解析:
细节理解题。
根据第一段中的watercolorist(水彩画家)以及下文“去博物馆看画”知,MarianMcNay是一位painter(画家),故答案为A。
acommunityleader“社区领导”;amuseumdirector“博物馆主管”;ajournalist“记者”。
7.Whydidtheauthorrefusethehelpfromthemaninthehouse?
_D__
A.Shedislikedpeoplewhowerenosy.
B.Shefeltnervouswhentalkingtostrangers.
C.Sheknewmoreaboutartthantheman.
D.Shemistookhimforatourguide.
解析:
细节理解题。
根据第四段中的“Tourguidesgotonmynerves.(导游令我烦扰)”知,“我”把那个人误认为是导游了,故答案为D。
A项“她不喜欢爱窥探的人”,曲解文意;B项“与陌生人交谈时她感到紧张”,无中生有;C项“她比那个人更懂艺术”,无中生有。
8.Howdidtheauthorfeelaboutbeingstaredatbythepeopleinthehall?
_A__
A.Puzzled. B.Concerned.
C.Frightened.D.Delighted.
解析:
细节理解题。
根据第四段中“我”被那些人盯着时的疑惑“Whatwastheirproblem?
”及后文中的stillconfused可知,“我”感到很困惑(puzzled),故答案为A。
9.WhydidtheauthordescribetherealMcNaymuseuminjustafewwords?
_D__
A.Therealmuseumlackedenoughartworktointeresther.
B.Shewastooupsettospendmuchtimeattherealmuseum.
C.TheMcNaywasdisappointingcomparedwiththehouse.
D.Theeventhappeninginthehousewasmoresignificant.
解析:
推理判断题。
下文提到30年后“我”偶遇那户人家的一个孩子,她说“我”把她家误认为博物馆使她看到了它的美丽,由此可知,本文作者不是重点描述McNay博物馆,而是描述这次突发事件带来的影响,故答案为D“房子里发生的事更重要”。
10.Whatcouldwelearnfromthelastparagraph?
_C__
A.Peopleshouldhavegoodtastetoenjoylife.
B.Peopleshouldspendmoretimewiththeirfamily.
C.Peopletendtobeblindtothebeautyaroundthem.
D.Peopletendtoeducateteenagersatamuseum.
解析:
推理判断题。
从最后一段中那个女士的话“在你进来之前,我从未意识到我住的是个美丽的地方,我以前从未感到过幸运”可推知,人们往往会忽视自己周围事物的美。
C
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ,B)
MinutesafterthelastmovieendedyesterdayatthePlazaTheater,employeeswerebusysweepinguppopcornsandgatheringcokecups.Itwasascenethathadbeenrepeatedmanytimesinthetheater's75-yearhistory.Thistime,however,thecleanupwasalittledifferent.Asonegroupofworkerscarriedouttherubbish,anothergroupbeganremovingseatsandothertheaterequipmentinpreparationforthebuilding'send.
ThefilmclassicTheLastPictureShowwasthelastmovieshownintheoldtheater.Thoughthemovieis30yearsold,mostofthe250seatswerefilledwithteary-eyedaudiencewantingtosaygood-byetotheoldbuilding.TheaterownerEdBradfordsaidhechosethemoviebecauseitseemedappropriate.Themovieissetinasmalltownwheretheonlymovietheaterispreparingtoclosedown.
BradfordsaidthatlargemoderntheatersinthecitymadeitimpossibleforthePlazatocompete.Headdedthatthetheater'slocation(位置)wasalsoareason.“Thisusedtobethecenteroftown,”hesaid.“Nowtheareaismostlyofficebuildingsandwarehouses.”
Lastweeksomecityofficialssuggestedthecitymightbeinterestedinturningtheoldtheaterintoamuseumandpublicmeetingplace.However,theseplanswereabandonedbecauseoffinancialproblems.Bradfordsoldthebuildingandlandtoalocaldevelopmentfirm,whichplanstobuildashoppingcomplexonthelandwherethetheaterislocated.
Thetheateraudiencesaidgood-byeasBradfordlockedthedoorsforthelasttime.After75yearsthePlazaTheaterhadshownitslastm
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