英语国家概况chapter-11-economy.ppt
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英语国家概况chapter-11-economy.ppt
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英语国家概况,TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Chapter11,Economy,TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Thinkaboutthesequestionsbeforewestart:
WhatindustrialdevelopmentstookplaceduringthecolonialperiodofAmerica?
HowdidtheCivilWaraffecttheAmericaneconomy?
WhydoesAmericatrytoreducetradebarriers?
Warming-upActivities,Contents,USthecurrentindustrial,economicandtechnologicalgiantrankingfirstincomputertechnology,spacetechnology,nuclearenergy,andelectronics,etc.;producingamajorportionoftheworldsmachinery,automobiles,oil,electricalenergy,andchemicals.Mixedeconomyemphasizingprivateownershipfederalgovernmentregulatingbusinessesanti-trustlaws,GeneralIntroduction,Privatebusinessesproducemostgoodsandservices.Twothirdsoftheoutputgoestoindividuals;Onethirdisboughtbygovernmentandbusiness.“Consumereconomy”,GeneralIntroduction,HistoryofAmericanEconomy,1,2,3,1.TheColonialPeriod,MassachusettssettledbyPilgrimstoescapereligiouspersecutionOthercolonieslikeVirginiaandPennsylvania,foundedasbusinessventurescontributiontoEnglandscolonizingprocessofthewould-beUnitedStateschartercompaniesKingprovidedacharterorgrantconferringeconomicrightsaswellaspoliticalandjudicialauthority,1.TheColonialPeriod,Mayflower,theshipthatcarriedthePilgrimsfromEnglandtoPlymouth,Massachusetts,wheretheyestablishedthefirstpermanentNewEnglandcolonyin1620.,1.TheColonialPeriod,Englishinvestorsturnedovercolonialcharterstothesettlers.,enormouspoliticalimplicationsColonistswerelefttobuildtheirownlives,communities,andeconomy,thatis,toconstructtheirnewnation,1.TheColonialPeriod,appearanceofsawmills(锯木场)andgristmills(磨房)shipyardsbuildingfishingfleetsandtradingvesselssmallironforges(冶炼厂),Secondaryindustries(二级产业),Gristmill,Ironforge,1.TheColonialPeriod,Clearregionalpatternsofdevelopmentbythe18thcentury:
NewEnglandship-buildingandsailing;Maryland,Virginia,andCarolinastobacco,riceandindigo(靛蓝属植物);NewYork,Pennsylvania,NewJerseyandDelawareshippedcropsandfurs;Thefieldwasopenforentrepreneurs(企业家、创业者)amongthecoloniststoestablishthemselves.,1.TheColonialPeriod,DisputesovertaxationandothermatterswithBritain:
Americansmodification(减轻)oftaxesandregulations;demandformoreself-governmentMountingquarrelleadingtowaragainsttheBritishandtoindependenceforthecoloniesAmericanRevolution:
bolstered(支持、支撑)byanemergingmiddleclassrallyingcry“inalienablerightstolife,liberty,andproperty”,1.TheColonialPeriod,2.SinceAmericanIndependence,U.S.Constitutionestablishedthenationasaunifiedmarket.notariffsortaxesoninter-statecommerce;Federalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficesandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatents(专利权、专利品)andcopyrights.“intellectualproperty”,AlexanderHamiltonseconomicdevelopmentstrategy,2.SinceAmericanIndependence,nurtureinfantindustriesbyprovidingovertsubsidies(公开的补贴)imposeprotectivetariffs(保护性关税)onimportscreateanationalbankassumepublicdebts,AlexanderHamiltonwasthefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryoftheTreasury,aFoundingFather,economist,andpoliticalphilosopher.,ThenewgovernmentdidmaketariffsanessentialpartofAmericanforeignpolicy.PresidentJeffersonopposedtoHamiltonsnationalbank.Whenelectedforasecondterm,Jeffersonopposedrenewingthebankscharter.Businessespanickedinboth1834and1837.,2.SinceAmericanIndependence,TheIndustrialRevolutionBy1860,onethirdofthenationsincomecamefrommanufacturing;Cottonclothproductionwastheleadingindustry;UrbanizedindustrylimitedtotheNortheast;ImmigrantworkersBetween1845and1855,some300,000Europeanimmigrantsarrivedannually.,2.SinceAmericanIndependence,UrbanIndustrialization,TextilePlant,2.SinceAmericanIndependence,TheSouthruralanddependentontheNorthforcapitalandmanufacturedgoodsEconomicpolicyunderPresidentLincoln:
2.SinceAmericanIndependence,In1861,adoptionofaprotectivetariffIn1862,thefirstPacificrailroadwaschartered.In1863and1864,anationalbankcode(银行代码)wasdrafted.,NorthernvictoryintheCivilWarensuredthedestinyofthenationanditseconomicsystemslaverysystemwasabolished,makingsoutherncottonplantationslessprofitable;Northernindustrysurgedahead:
IndustrialistsdominationinsocialandpoliticalaffairsDisappearanceofthesouthernplanteraristocracy(贵族)“Secondindustrialrevolution”,2.SinceAmericanIndependence,“Secondindustrialrevolution”anexplosionofnewdiscoveriesandinventions:
Thediscoveryofoil;Thedevelopmentoftypewriter;Theinventionoftelephone,phonograph(留声机),andelectriclight;Refrigeratedrailroadcarscameintouse;Carswerereplacingcarriagesandpeoplewereflyinginairplanes
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