gmat AWA 55模版.docx
- 文档编号:10250809
- 上传时间:2023-02-09
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:17
- 大小:31.29KB
gmat AWA 55模版.docx
《gmat AWA 55模版.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《gmat AWA 55模版.docx(17页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
gmatAWA55模版
AWA5.5结构模板
AA,结构模板就更为有用了,开头结尾的模板是标准的,中间三段自己写
Inthisargument,theauthorconcludes/recommendsthat…
Tojustifyhisclaim,theauthorpointsoutthat…
Additionally,theauthorreasonsthat…
Furthermore,theauthoralsoassumesthat…
Meanwhile,theauthorprovidesevidencethat…
Moreover,theauthorcitesvariousotherexamplesthat…(citestheexampleof…)
Whiletheauthor’sargumenthassomemerit优点,itsuffersfromseveralcriticalflaws.
Tosumup,thearguerfailstovalidate证实theconclusion/recommendationthat….Tobolster改善加强it,thearguershouldprovidemoreconcreteevidencetodemonstratethat…Inaddition,thearguershouldhavetoruleout(theabovementionedpossibilitiesthatwoulddeterminethearguer’sclaim).Furthermore/Additionally,inordertoaccesstheargument,westillneedmoreinformationconcerning…(Tobetteraccesstheaccuracyofthearguer’srecommendation,itwouldbeusefultoknow…)inaddition,tosolidifytheconclusion,theauthorshouldprovideconcreteevidenceaswelltodemonstratethat…
大家要记住,中间三段足够了,不用写上四段,因为根据Erater里面的描述,多过三段不会多给分,少过三段会扣分,中间三段,每段可以采取这样的结构,底下给每个部分替代的语言
AA完整开头结尾
Inthisargument,theauthorasserts/predictsthat__. Tosubstantiate证实thisconclusion, theauthorcites/statisticsshowingthat/resultofasurveythat___. Theauthorfurtherbolstershisconclusionbyevidence/examplesthat__.Moreover,itisclaimedthat__.Atfirstglance,theauthor'sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butclosescrutinyrevealsthatthelineofreasoningemployedisinvalidandhencetheconclusionisprobablymisleadingduetoseveralcriticallogicflaws. Inshort,theanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains,andlackofcredibility可靠性inreasoningcausestheconclusiontobeproblematic.(90)
Inthefirstplace,Inthesecondplace,Inthethirdplace,
Tosumup,theauthorfailstoprovideadequatejustificationforthisargument. Thestatistics/surveyandevidence/examplescitedarenotonlyvaguebutalsoincomplete. Thelogicreasoningisquestionablewithseveralmistakes. Theabsenceofessentialinformationon___resultsinunsoundconclusion. Tostrengthentheargument,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideadditionalevidencetodemonstratethat___. Also,furtherdetailedinformationregarding___mustbepresentedtoshowthat___. Inthiswaywecouldestablishtheconclusionthat___.(78)////Unlessfurtherinformationisprovidedindetail,theresultsofthesurveyareworthlessasevidenceandmaydistortthefactswhichleadtotheconclusion.
infact,itisfallacioustodrawanyconclusiononthebasisofsuchlimitedevidence)
Start
1. Theauthor’ssolutionrests/relies/dependsontheassumption
thatAisthesolecauseofB..
2. Anotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentisthattheauthorneglectstoindicate…(Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthis
argumentisthat)
3. Theconclusionunjustifiablyreliesonthepollwhilethevalidityofthesurveyitselfisdoubtful
4. Theauthorunfairlyassumesthat…Theauthor’slineofreasoningisthat
Rebuttal举反例,反驳
1. Itisabsolutely/entirelypossiblethattheother…
2. Commonsenseinformsmethat…suchas…canhardly….
3. Actually,itisfallacioustoreachanyconclusionatallinthefaceofsuchlimitedevidence….
Conclusion
1. Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthecauses,itispresumptuousfortheauthortoclaimthatAsolelydeterminedB
2. Withoutmoreconcreteinformationabout…theauthor’sassumptionthat…isquestionable.
3. Becausetheauthorfailstoaccountforotherinterpretations解释,说明,thesurveywouldbeuselessinconcludingthat…
4. …unlessitcanbeshownthatthesampleistypicalofall/generalgroup,thefactthat…isgroundlesstoclaimthat…
5. Withoutaccountingforthesepotentialfactors,theauthorconcludestoohastilythat…isthebestwaytoachievegoals.
6. WithoutthecomparisonbetweenKtootherB,itisfallaciousfortheauthortorecommendthat…
Paragraphstructureidentifiers
Firstofall,firstandforemost,tobeginwith,inthefirst/second/third/fourthplace,thefirstandalsothemostglaring显眼的logicfallacycommitted承认犯错bytheauthoris……
Evenifitwerethecasethat…,即使这是真的…theauthorstillcommitsafallacyof….
Secondly,Furthermore,…Besides,Lastbutnotleast,
Replaceableverbs
Concludesthat/reachestheconclusionthat/advocatesthat/claimsthat/assertsthat/alleges断言,宣称that/Suggeststhat/recommendsthat
Predictsthat/anticipatesthat/expectsthat
Arguesthat/claimsthat/assumesthat/assertsthat/
allegesthat/reasonsthat/Provides/cites/pointsout/presents
Survey/poll/statistics/study/statisticalevidence
Author/arguer/theownerof/theloanapplicant…
Support/strengthen/enhance/bolster/支持/增强,强化/corroborate
Unconvincing/unwarranted/unreliable/untenable/unfounded/groundless/questionable/problematic/indefensible站不住脚的/ambiguous/flawed/
3〉实战方法:
第一步,先把第一段的废话敲好,此时基本无需动脑,但一定要手快,意在抢时间、凑字数。
第二步,略动脑筋,根据七宗罪,写好三段论的总起句。
注意:
此时不要展开,只写总起句即可!
这样可以确保每小段论点明确,且全篇文章论据完整,结构思路清晰。
第三步,把中间段落的总起句复述一遍,完成最后一段的废话。
此时一篇完整的文章已经基本成型,时间应当还剩余18-20分钟。
第四步,看看时间,可以深吸一口气,告诉自己慢慢来。
把中间三段逐一展开,把模板里面的话套进去,有时间就多写,没时间就少写,拼拼凑凑,顺利的话,用上十五分钟就可以敲满一整屏了。
第五步,检查。
(至少可以剩余三分钟)
[原创]AA七宗罪的记忆方法:
因、果、证
将七宗罪分类整理了一下,按照论证的原因、结果、论证过程三部分,归为三个类别:
1、因
就是原因上的问题,有以下三个:
可疑调查样本不足结论无据
2、果
就是结论上的问题,有以下两个:
无因果联系二者择一
3、证
就是论证过程上的问题,有以下两个,纵向横向各一个:
错误类比(横向)时地全等(纵向)
顺便分析一下本月JJ的一篇AA:
“Ourtotalsaleshaveincreasedthisyearby20percentsinceweaddedapharmacysectiontoourgrocerystore.Clearly,thecustomer’smainconcernistheconvenienceaffordedbyone-stopshopping.//无因果联系,可能另有他因。
Thesurestwaytoincreaseourprofitsoverthenextcoupleofyears,therefore,istoaddaclothingdepartmentalongwithanautomotivesuppliesandrepairshop.Weshouldalsoplantocontinueaddingnewdepartmentsandservices,suchasarestaurantandagardenshop,insubsequentyears.//时地全等Beingtheonlystoreintheareathatofferssucharangeofserviceswillgiveusacompetitiveadvantageoverotherlocalstores.”//结论无据
七宗罪
第一宗罪:
causaloversimplification无因果联系
1.Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.ThelineofthereasoningisthatbecauseAoccurredbeforeB,theformereventisresponsibleforthelatter.(TheauthorusesthepositivecorrelationbetweenAandBtoestablishcausality.However,thefactthatAcoincideswithBdoesnotnecessarilyprovethatAcausedB.)Butthisisafallaciousreasoningunlessotherpossiblecausalexplanationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsCisthecauseoftheseeventsorperhapsBiscausedbyD.
2.ThelineofthereasoningisthatbecauseBoccurredafterA(AandBconcurredv.同时发生)(thereispositive/negativecorrelationbetweenAandB),thelattereventisresponsiblefortheformer. However,thesequenceofevents(correlationbetweenAandB)doesnotnecessarilysuggestacausalrelationship. Thus,thisisfallaciousreasoningunlessotherpossiblecausalexplanationshavebeenconsideredandruledout. Forexample,perhapsCisthecauseoftheseeventsorperhapsBissimplytheresultofD. Moreover,probablyBisjustareflectionofE,andhasnothingtodowithA.
【Sufficient-(Necessary)不是唯一原因】
TheauthorbasedhisclaimpartlyontheassumptionthatBisallthatrequiredforA(thereisnovariablealternativemeansofachievingAexceptB). Yettheauthorpresentednoevidencethatsupportsthisassumption. AlthoughBisanimportantfactorforA,itishardlytheonlyelementrequired(alternativeavailable).
【Sufficient几个原因一起影响A才有效果】
IfitturnsoutthatAwasduetoacombinationoffactors,itwouldbedifficultforAifAisinlackofanyofthoseelements. Tobespecific,inthecaseofA,factorssuchasC,D,E,andBalsoplayasignificantroleindeterminingA. (Ifsomeofthoseelementsremainunchangedinthefuture,amerechangeinBwouldhavenostimulatingimpactonA.)只有B变了A不会有太大改变
【Non-causalrelationship没有太大联系】
Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.因果过度简单化
【Causal-Effect因果颠倒】
Itispossiblethatthecausehasbeenconfusedwiththeeffectrespecting关于A.Basedonthefactscited,theauthorconcludedthatAisresponsibleforB. However,itisequallylikelythatAismerelyaresponsetoB–BhappenedbecauseA. Besides,theauthorfailedtoaccountforotherpossiblecausesofB. Forinstance,perhapsCisthecauseofAorperhapsBissimplytheresultofD.
第二宗罪样本不足Insufficient-sample
1.Theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Onlyoneexampleislogicallyunsounded未经探明的toestablishageneralconclusion(Thestatisticsfromonlyafewrecentyearsarenotnecessarilyagoodindicatoroffuturetrends),unlessitcanbeshownthatA1isrepresentativeofallA.Itispossiblethat....Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,theconclusionthatBiscompletelyunwarranted.
2.Theonlyevidenceprovidedinsupportfortheconclusionisthefactthat___. Themostobviousreasoningerrorintheargumentistheauthor'suseofevidencepertaining与…有关系的toAinXregionasthebasisforgeneralizationaboutallA.UnlessitcanbeprovedthatXistypicalofallA,thefactthat___isnogroundforconcludingthatAasawholewillexperiencesimilarresults.
第三宗罪:
错误类比(falseanalogy)<横向>
1.TheargumentrestsontheassumptionthatAisanalogous相似的toBinallrespects.Thisassumptionisweak,sincealthoughtherearepointsofcomparisonbetweenAandB,thereismuchdissimilarityaswell.Forexample,A...,however,B....Thus,itislikelymuchmoredifficultforBtodo....
2.Theauthorcommitsthefa
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- gmat AWA 55模版 55 模版