中考英语总复习构词法词形转换.docx
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中考英语总复习构词法词形转换.docx
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中考英语总复习构词法词形转换
构词法,词形转换
(编辑整理byLuna)
英语中最常见的构词法:
合成法:
由两个或两个以上的词合成新词
前缀:
加在单词前的词缀
派生法:
后缀:
加在单词后的词缀
转化法:
由一种词类转化为另一种词类
一合成词
A由两个或两个以上的词合成新词,前一个词起修饰后一个词的作用。
B合成词有的有连字符连接,有的不用。
C合成词的词义通常能从单词表面看出来。
合成词的构成:
1.复合名词
名词+名词basketballbedroom
形容词+名词highwayblackboard
形容词+分词good-looking
动词+名词playground
副词+名词overcoat
动词+副词break-in闯入get-together聚会
2.复合动词
名词+动词babysitsleepwalk
形容词+动词whitewash粉刷
副词+动词overcome克服
3.复合形容词
名词+形容词worldwide
形容词+名词full-timepart-time
形容词+名词+edwhite-haired
形容词+形容词black-white灰白的
数词+名词four-hour
数词+名词+形容词five-year-old
名词+过去分词man-made
名词+现在分词peace-loving热爱和平的
副词+现在分词far-seeing有远见的
副词+过去分词well-known著名的
4.复合代词everyonesomebodynothing
5.复合副词
形容词+名词sometimes
动词+动词maybe
介词+副词forever
副词+名词upstairsdownstairs
副词+副词whole-heartedly
二派生词
★前缀
1.一般情况,加前缀只改变词义,不改变词性
dis-否定,相反,除去
disagree,disadvantage,disappear,dishonest
un-不,非,表否定
unhappy,unpleasant,uncomfortable
in,ir,im-表否定
increase,irregular,impossible
mis-表否定(误,错,恶)
mistake,misunderstand
non-表否定
non-stop
inter-相互,交互,在一起
internet,interview,international
re-又,再,重新
return,review,rewrite,repeat
mid-中
mid-night,mid-autumn
2.能改变词性和词义的前缀
a-向里,离开,加强
asleep,aside,along,
en-使成为(加在形容词,名词前构成动词)
enjoy,enable(使能够)
★后缀一般改变词性,构成的新词与原词词义有联系
→变名词
1.变表示职业的名词
(1)+er
farmerworkerteachersingerdancerphotographerwaiterplayerreporterlistenerwriterreader
runnerownerforeigner
cleanerwinnerengineerspeakerprogrammerleaderrobber
interviewer面试者;会见者;采访者cooker炊具
villagermanager
注:
waiter男服务员waitress女服务员
actor男演员actress女演员
(2)+or
doctorvisitoractorconductorinventordirectortranslatorprofessormonitoroperator
donor捐赠者,[医]供血者,输血者
(3)+ian
musicianlibrarianveterinarian/ˌvetərɪˈneəriən/兽医
(国籍;国人;语言)AustralianCanadianIndianBrazilianAmerican
(4)+ist
artistpianistviolinistscientistpsychologistdentisttouristjournalistspecialistterrorist/ˈterərɪst/恐怖主义者;恐怖主义的
optometrist/ɒpˈtɒmətrɪst/验光师,视力测定者
(5)+man
postmanfishermanfiremanmilkman
EnglishmanFrenchman
(6)+ing
shoppingbeginningcrossingwarninggreeting
2.变表示抽象名词
(1)+ion/tion/sion/ation
Iinventioncollectionpronunciationpollutiondescriptionassociationsolutiondiscussionsuggestionpermissionattentioncongratulationsituationinformationinvitationdirection
donation/dəʊˈneɪʃn/捐赠,赠送;捐款;捐赠物satisfaction满意;满足
(2)+ment
agreementappointmentdevelopmentadvertisementenvironmentcommitmentequipmentargumentexcitement
(3)+y/ty
safetypopularitydifficultyactivitybeauty
(4)+th
deathgrowthtruthyouthwealthhealthlengthwarmth
birth
(5)+ness
Ill-illnessgood-goodnessbusy-businesskind-kindnessdark-darkness
happy-happinesssad-sadnessgreat-greatnesslonely-lonelinesscareful-carefulness
careless-carelessnessfriendly-friendlinesstired-tiredness
bitternessmeaninglessnesslazinessweaknesspolitenessrudeness
shynessuglinesssweetnessclevernessselfishness
(6)+ance
appearanceenter—entrance
(7)ship
friendshiphardship艰难;困苦leadershiprelationship
leadership领导层;领导membership会员资格ownership物主身份;所有权
scholarship学术,学识,奖学金sportsmanship运动员精神
(8)t变ce
different→differenceimportant→importanceconfident→confidenceconvenient→convenience
silent→silence
(9)其它
fail→failureplease→pleasureproud→pridehigh→heightweigh→weightfly→flightsucceed→successspeak→speechhungry→hungerfree→freedomwise→wisdom
→变形容词
1.+y
sunnyfunnyfoggynoisytastycloudywindyrainyhealthyluckythirstysnowysaltyhungrysleepycrispy
touristy适宜游览的,适合观光的,旅游者常去的
2.+ly
friendlylivelylovelydailylonely
3.+ful
carefulusefulsuccessfulbeautifulhopefulhelpfulgratefulthankfulcolorfulwonderfulforgetfulpeacefulpainfulcheerful
playful闹着玩的;爱玩的;戏谑的
4.+able
enjoyableterribleadjustablecomfortableknowledgeable
5.+ous
dangeroushumorousmysteriousfamousseriousanxiousenormous
6.+en
woodenwoolengoldenearthen(地面或墙)泥土做的,土制的
7.+ern
easternwesternnorthernsouthern
8.+al
naturalpersonalnationalmedicalprofessionaloriginalnormalruralphysicalchemicaltraditional
9.+ive
activecreativeaggressive侵略的,侵犯的,攻势的;(美)有进取心的,积极行动的;有进取心的
energeticscientificrealistic现实的;[艺]现实主义的,[哲]实在论(者)的;逼真的;栩栩如生的
10.+ing/ed
interestingboringrelaxingfrustratingembarrassinginterestedboredrelaxedfrustratedembarrassedexcitedworriedtiring
excitingworryingtired
→变反义词
1.un+
unhappyunfriendlyuncomfortableunusualunluckyunpleasantunableunforgettableuncrownedunfair
2.dis+
dislikedishonestdisadvantagedisagreedisagreement
3.in+
inexpensiveindirectincorrectinhuman
4.im+
impossibleimpoliteimperfect
5.+less
homelesshopelesshelplesscarelessuselessfearless
→变副词
1.一般情况下,直接加ly
immediatelyslowly
2.以y结尾的,变为i再加ly
luckilyhappilyeasilyhealthily
3.以e结尾的,一般不省略。
但是truly,holly,duly例外。
extremely
4.以able/ible结尾的,去e加y
possiblyterribly
5.以元音字母加结尾的,仍然要加ly
finallycarefullyreallyspecially
→变动词:
+ize
memorizemodernizerealizecriticize
三转化词一个单词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。
单词转化后的词义与原词关联。
★考点一名词与动词的转换
show(n.展览,展示)----show(v.表演,演出)
water(n.水)----water(v.浇水)
taste(v.品尝)----taste(n.味觉)
telegraph(n.电报)----telegraph(v.发电报)
★考点一名词与形容词的转换
final(adj.最后的)----finally(n.终点)
black(n.黑色)----black(adj.黑色的)
★考点一名词与动词的转换
walk(v.散步;走)----takeawalk(n.散步)
look(v.看)----havealook(n.看一看)
exercise(v.运动;锻炼)----doexercises(做练习题)
注:
practice----practise
advice----advise
真题演练:
注意下列词汇:
汉义
动词
名词
决定
decide
旅行
travel
发明
invent
同意
agree
发音
pronounce
拼写
spell
邀请
invite
成功
succeed
常用的同音异义词:
单词
词义
here
hear
Hi
high
father
farther
our
hour
week
weak
wood
would
road
rode
see
sea
son
sun
their
there
through
threw
to
too
two
where
wear
ah
are
its
it’s
know
no
one
won
passed
past
I
eye
an
Ann
aren’t
aunt
ate
eight
be
bee
blue
blew
by
buy
bye
dear
deer
read
red
right
write
meat
meet
knew
new
knows
noses
真题演练:
形容词词形变化
名词词形变化一
二
动词词形变化
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