英语谚语很全面.docx
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英语谚语很全面.docx
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英语谚语很全面
语言与文化复习提纲
2013年1月11日星期五(09:
00-11:
00)
北-5-606
2
1.PropertiesofCulture:
Cultureishumanspecific.Cultureisasocialphenomenon.Cultureisanationalphenomenon.
Cultureisahistoricalphenomenon.Culturecontainsseveralsubcultures
2.Theword"culture"ismostcommonlyusedinthreebasicsenses:
1.Excellenceoftasteinthefineartsandhumanities
2.Anintegratedpatternofhumanknowledge,belief,andbehaviorthatdependsuponthecapacityforsymbolicthoughtandsociallearning
3.Thesetofsharedattitudes,values,goals,andpracticesthatcharacterizesaninstitution,organizationorgroup.
3.RelationshipbetweenLanguageandCulture
Languageispartofculture.Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture.
Languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture.
Languageandculturearecloselyrelated.
4.MajordifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternculture
Westernculture:
isbasedonindividualismratherthanoncollectivism.Westerncultureisadventurousandexplorationbased.Westerncultureisbasedonscience.Westernpeopleuselawtoresolvepeopleandpeople'srelationship.Westernpeopleuse'god'andreligiontoresolvehumanandspiritualismrelationship.Aculturethatexpandsanddevelopsoutwards.
ChineseCulture:
isbasedonmasses(collectivism).Peopleplacedcountry.societyandfamilyaboveyourownself.Aculturethatisbasedonhumanismandpeople.Chinesepeopleliketoresolvetherelationshipbetweenmanandnature,andattempttofusethehumanand‘heaven’asone.(天人合一)Toresolvepeopleandpeople‘srelationship,Chineseuseethicsandtolerance.Toresolvehumanandspiritualism,Chineseemphasizeinternalcultivation(修身养性).
5.WorldViews
Westerners:
seemanandtheworldasseparate,andconsideritman’stasktodiscoverthetruthlaiddownbythesupernaturalcreator.Theirgoaloflifeistoconquernature.Changeisconsideredprogress.
Easterners:
developedaholistic整体的worldview.Theyholdthatmanandnatureareinterrelated;manispartofnatureandman’sgoaloflifeistokeepharmonywithnature.Sostabilityishighlyvalued.
6.ManandtheWorld
IntheWest,manconquerstheworldandstruggleswiththeworld.TheWesterncultureembracestheconceptofMan's"naturalrights,"Manhasanabsolute,unquestionablerightovernatureconstitutesanimportantpartoftheWesternhumanrightsconcept.Manisbybirththemostsuperiorinthenaturalworld,withtherighttorunsupremeoverthenaturalworld
InChina,manandtheworldareharmonious.TheChineseculture,however,refusestotakethehumanraceasthecenterofthenaturalworld.StudyoftherelationsbetweenpeopleandnatureisthecentralthemeoftheChineseculture,andharmonybetweenpeopleandnatureisthebasicconceptitembraces.Taoismcallsfor"returntonature,"anddescribesManasan"integralpartofHeaven."Confucianism,onitspart,insiststhat"Heavengivesbirthtoalllivingthings,"
7.ValueSystems:
AmericanBeliefsandValues1.Individualfreedomandself-reliance
2.Equalityofopportunityandcompetition3.Materialwealthandhardwork
8.Propertiesoflanguage
Languageissystematic.(系统的)Languageisarbitrary.(任意的)Languageissymbolic.(符号的)
Languageisvocal.(有声的)Languageisuniquelyhuman.
9.DifferentThinkingWays
ThepatternofthinkingintheWestislinear,chain-like,directandanalytical.
ThepatternofthinkingintheEastiscyclical周期的,holistic(整体的),indirectandintuitive(直觉的).
InEurope:
(1)fromtheinnertotheoutside
(2)fromthesmalltothebig(3)fromthebelowtotheupperand
(4)fromthemanytoOne.
InChina:
(1)fromtheoutsidetotheinner
(2)fromthebigtothesmall(3)fromtheuppertothebelowand
(4)fromonetothemany.
theWesternisacontractmodelbuiltonthebasisofindividuals,buttheChineseisanentiretyonebuiltonthebasisofmanadministration.
Compare
1.Figurative Thinking v s. Abstract Thinking(形象与抽象思维)
2.Comprehensive Thinking vs. Analytical Thinking
3.Subject-centered Thinking vs. Object-centered Thinking
4.Straight Thinking vs. Converse Thinking
10.InflectionalandNoninflectionalLanguage(形态语与无形态语)
1.EnglishandChinesewords:
Englishwordsprovideatoolforlogicalthinking.
Chinesecharactersprovideaconvenienttoolforimagerythinking,
2.SentenceStructureandThinkingWaysParataxisandHypotaxis(形合与意合)
3.UnknownandKnownInformation
4.Subject-centeredandSubject-objectasOne
5.TheAbstractionandtheEmotion
你来,我就走。
Ifyoucome,I’llgo.
人不犯我,我不犯人。
Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.
不怕慢,只怕站。
It’sbettertomoveaheadslowlythanjusttomarktime.
问遍千家成行家。
Learnfromnumerousadvisors,andyou’llbecomeamaster.
说是说了,没有结果。
(=我虽然说了,但是没有结果。
)Imadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.
狼披羊皮还是狼。
Awolfremainsawolfeventhoughitisinsheep’sclothing.
人到事中迷,就怕没人提。
Whenamanislostinalabyrinth,whatheneedsbadlyisahint.
11.Featuresofsentencestructure
Chinesesentencestructure:
bamboostructure竹节型结构
Englishsentencestructure:
treestructure树型结构
12.NativeEnglishspeakers
Englishistheirmother’stongue.Someofthedifferencesbetweennativeandnon-nativespeakersintermsof:
speedofspeech,runningwordstogether(连读),clarityofspeech,useofslang,accent
13.CulturePerception
Ourperceptionoftheworldaroundusandourpersonalrelationshipswithobjects,people,andnature,canbehighlyaffectedbyourculture.Therearetwolevelsoffunctionwhenitcomestoculture,theexplicit,andtheimplicit.Explicitculturereferstoculturalexpressions,suchasHolidays,food,clothing,artifacts,objects,rituals,musicandsymbols.Whileimplicitculturereferstothevalues,philosophiesandtheunderlyingmeaningofthesesymbolswithintheculturalcontext.
ThreeAspectsofPerception
1.Ourperceptionisselective.2.Ourperceptioninvolvecategorizations.
3.Rigidcategoriesinhibiteffectivecommunication
14.Typesofmeaning
Conceptual概念meaning;Connotative内涵meaning;Socialmeaning
Affectivemeaning;Reflectedmeaning;Collocational搭配meaning
firecompany≠纵火公司.“消防队”.
Highway≠高速公路“主要干道”。
grassroots≠草根“普通群众”
Frenchwindow≠法国窗.“落地窗”
Freelove≠自由恋爱“自由选择性伙伴的权利”
IndianSummer≠印度的夏天.“小阳春”
seeyou≠见你.“再见”
seeJohn≠拜访约翰.“去洗手间”
letGeorgedoit≠让乔治去干.“让别人去干吧”
Awethen≠落汤鸡“泼妇”Beangryasawethen
鸡皮疙瘩:
gooseflesh吹牛:
talkhorse
拦路虎:
alionintheway落汤鸡:
adrowningrat
害群之马:
ablacksheep狐假虎威:
anassinalion’sskin
杀鸡用牛刀:
breakaflyuponthewheel爱屋及乌:
Loveme, lovemydog.
说曹操,曹操就到:
Talkofthedevil, andhe’llappear.
山中无老虎,猴子称大王:
Amongtheblind,theone-eyedmanisking.
鹬蚌相争,渔翁得利:
Twodogsstriveforabone,andathirdrunsawaywithit.
15.Individualists
Individualistspromotetheexerciseofone'sgoalsanddesiresandsoindependenceandself-reliancewhileopposingmostexternalinterferenceuponone'sowninterests,whetherbysociety,familyoranyothergrouporinstitution.
FreedomHumanrightCompetitionPragmatism实用主义
TheFourTypesofCommonEnglishPersonalNames
1.Religiousnames2.Plantorflowernames:
3.Weaponnames:
4.Namesofknowledge,authority,fame
16.Kinship
Kinshiptermshavebeenwidelyanalyzedacrosslanguages,whichoftenmakequitedifferentdistinctions.
WebrokeEnglishkinshiptermsdownintoGeneration,SexandLineageearlier,buttotranslateterms
fromotherlanguageswewillneedtoaddadditionalsemanticcomponents.
Sidebar:
relativetermsforrelatives
Generations
LineageLineagecanbeeitherDirect,ColinealorAblineal.
SexeitherMale,FemaleorCorresponding.
17.TheFourTypesofCommonEnglishPersonalNames
1.Religiousnames
2.Plantorflowernames:
3.Weaponnames:
4.Namesofknowledge,authority,fame
18.Idioms
Anidiomisanexpression,word,orphrasethathasfigurativemeaning—itsimplicationcomprehendedonlythroughcommonuse;Thewordsdevelopaspecializedmeaningasanentity,asanidiom
Therearemanydifferentsourcesofidioms
1.Idiomscomefromalldifferentsources—fromtheBibletohorseracing,fromancientfablestomodernslang.
2.SomeidiomscamefromNative-Americancustoms(burythehatchet)andothersfromAfrican-Americanspeech(chillout).Manyidiomaticphrasescomefromtheevery-daylifeofEnglishmen,fromhomelife
3.Therearemanywhichhavetodowithfoodandcooking
4.Nauticallifeandmilitarylifearethesource
5.Manyidiomsincludepartsofthebody,animals,andcolors
6.Somepopularidiomsbeganasfolksysaying
1)TotakeFrenchleave不告而别2)Astonyheart铁石心肠
3)Atone’sfingertips了如指掌4)Tohaveahandlikeafoot笨手笨脚
5)Asmuteasafish噤若寒蝉6)Toreturngoodforevil以德报怨
7)Toshutone’seyesagainst…视若无睹8)Totalkblackintowhite颠倒黑白
9)Toturnadeafearto充耳不闻10)Practicemakesperfect熟能生巧
11)Tofacethemusic临危不惧12)Plainsailing一帆风顺
13)Tobedeaddrunk烂醉如泥14)Laughandgrowfat心宽体胖
15)Tweedledeeandtweedledum半斤八两16)Toflyintoarage勃然大怒
17)Tolookforaneedleinahaystack海地捞金18)Aleapinthedark轻举妄动
19)Toshowone’scolors原形毕露20)Tomakeanoiseintheworld名噪一时
21)Morehaste,lessspeed欲速不达22)Neitherfishnorflesh不伦不类
23)Topickholesin吹毛求疵24)Tomindone’sP’sandQ’s谨言慎行
25)Tobeattheendofone’srope’山穷水尽26)Toflogadeadhorse徒劳无益
27)Toturnoveranewleaf改过自新28)Toputallone’seggsinonebasket孤注一掷
AComparisonbetweenChineseandEnglishIdioms
Englishidioms
makeup 弥补;赔偿;拼凑;配制;编排;编制;虚构;捏造;组成;调解
setoff 出发;动身;使爆炸;引起;使开始(做某事)
getthehangof… 熟习;得知
holdone‘ssideswithlaughter;tolaughoneselfsick 捧腹大笑
Putsomeoneinthestew 人烦恼,为难,着急
bepartofthegame 事情就这样
Chineseidioms
赔钱货 outsidewealth害人虫 anevilperson(
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