英语二真题答案及解析范文.docx
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英语二真题答案及解析范文.docx
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英语二真题答案及解析范文
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
(二)试卷
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语
(二)试卷
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDanANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
"TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers—aboontoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcybercrimethathas1acrosstheWeb.
Canprivacybepreserved2bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?
Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyberczar,offeredtheOsamagovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace—a“voluntaryidentify”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentifysystems.Userscould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bythegovernment.
GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.
12,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”insafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13community.
Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns15.'"
Still,theadministration’splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17bealicense”mentality.
Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomeexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”wouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.Theyarguethatshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,indriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden
2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though
3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless
4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal
5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent
6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over
7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared
8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve
9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize
10.A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered
11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login
12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast
13.A.trustedB.modernizedC.thrivingD.competing
14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience
15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across
16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united
17.A.frequentlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually
18.A.skepticismB.toleranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm
19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible
20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversityinRhodeIsland.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlyjuggledbothroles(aswellasseveralotherdirectorships)withoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009MsSimmonswasunderfirefromstudentsandalumniforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?
ByFebruaryMsSimmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.
Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Leadersfromotherfieldsarefrequentlyindemand:
formerpresidentsorCabinetmembers,retiredCEOs,andyes,universitypresidents.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.
Theresearchersusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms,althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup",leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.
Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives,suchasincreasingpay,saysDrFahlenbrach.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMsSimmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,MsSimmonswascriticizedfor.
A.gainingexcessiveprofitsB.failingtofulfillherduty
C.refusingtomakecompromisesD.leavingtheboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.
A.generousinvestorsB.unbiasedexecutives
C.sharepriceforecastersD.independentadvisers
23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector’sSurprisedeparture,thefireislikelyto.
A.becomemorestableB.reportincreasedearnings
C.dolesswellinthestockmarketD.performworseinlawsuits
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.
A.maystayfortheattractiveoffersformthefirm.
B.haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm.
C.areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm.
D.willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm.
25Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.
ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcritical
Text2
Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?
Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.Newspaperslikethe SanFranciscoChronicle werechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?
Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?
ItwillholdanothermeetingonJune15th.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.
Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapersshruggedofftherecession(see article).EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.
Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.
Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOECD.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.
Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelypruned.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.JustlookatthefateofOtisChandler’screation.
26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike….theirowndoom”(lines3-4,para,1)theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers.
A.neglectedthesignofcrisisB.failedtogetstatesubsidies
C.werenotcharitablecorporationsD.wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.
A.readersthreatenedtopayless
B.newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
C.journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas
D.subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts.
28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspaperaremuchmorestablebecausethey.
A.havemoresourcesofrevenueB.havemorebalancednewsrooms
C.arelessdependantonadvertisingD.arelessaffectedby
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