英语四级模拟训练题八附答案.docx
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英语四级模拟训练题八附答案.docx
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英语四级模拟训练题八附答案
ModelTest8
PartIWriting
PartⅠWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDormitoryLife.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.大学宿舍的集体生活是全新的体验。
2.宿舍生活与在家生活的不同之处。
3.宿舍生活利与弊。
DormitoryLife
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswersheet1.
TestingTimes
Researchersareworkingonwaystoreducetheneedforanimalexperiments,butnewlawsmayincreasethenumberofexperimentsneeded.
Thecurrentsituation
Inanidealworld,peoplewouldnotperformexperimentsonanimals.Forthepeople,theyareexpensive.Fortheanimals,theyarestressfulandoftenpainful.
Thatidealworld,sadly,isstillsomewayaway.Peopleneednewdrugsandvaccines.Theywantprotectionfromthetoxicityofchemicals.Thesearchforbasicscientificanswersgoeson.Indeed,theEuropeanCommissionisforgingaheadwithproposalsthatwillincreasethenumberofanimalexperimentscarriedoutintheEuropeanUnion,byrequiringtoxicitytestsoneverychemicalapprovedforusewithintheunion'sbordersinthepast25years.
Already,thecommissionhasidentified140,000chemicalsthathavenotyetbeentested.Itwants30,000ofthesetobeexaminedrightaway,andplanstospendbetween~4billion—8billion($5billion—10billion)doingso.ThenumberofanimalsusedfortoxicitytestinginEuropewillthus,expertsreckon,quintuple(翻五倍)fromjustoverlmayeartoabout5m,unlesstheyaresavedbysomedramaticadvancesinnon-animaltestingtechnology.Atthemoment,roughly10%ofEuropeananimaltestsareforgeneraltoxicity,35%forbasicresearch,45%fordrugsandvaccines,andtheremaining10%avarietyofusessuchasdiagnosingdiseases.
Animalexperimentationwillthereforebearoundforsometimeyet.Butthesearchforsubstitutescontinues,andlastweekendtheMiddleEuropeanSocietyforAlternativeMethodstoAnimalTestingmetinLinz,Austria,toreviewprogress.
Agoodplacetostartfindingalternativesfortoxicitytestsistheliver--theorganresponsibleforbreakingtoxicchemicalsdownintosafermoleculesthatcanthenbeexcreted.Twofirms,onelargeandonesmall,toldthemeetinghowtheywereusinghumanlivercellsremovedincidentallyduringsurgerytotestvarioussubstancesforlong-termtoxiceffects.
Onewayoutoftheproblem
PrimeCyte,thesmallfirm,growsitscellsinculturesoverafewweeksanddosesthemregularlywiththesubstanceunderinvestigation.Thecharacteristicsofthecellsarecarefullymonitored,tolookforchangesintheirmicroanatomy.
Pfizer,thebigfirm,alsodosesitsculturesregularly,butratherthanstudyingindividualcellsindetail,itcountscellnumbers.Ifthenumberofcellsinaculturechangesafterasampleisadded,thatsuggeststhechemicalinquestionisbadfortheliver.
Inprinciple,thesetechniquescouldbeappliedtoanychemical.Inpractice,drugs(and,inthecaseofPrimeCyte,foodsupplements)aretopofthelist.Butthatmightchangeifthecommissionhasitsway:
those140,000screeningslooklikealucrativemarket,althoughnobodyknowswhetherthenewtestswillbereadyforuseby2009,whenthecommissionproposesthattestingshouldstart.
Othertissues,too,canbetestedindependentlyofanimals.Epithelix,asmallfirminGeneva,hasdevelopedanartificialversionoftheliningofthelungs.AccordingtoHuangSong,oneofEpithelix'sresearchers,thefirm'sculturedcellshavesimilarmicroanatomytothosefoundinnaturallunglinings,andrespondinthesamewaytovariouschemicalmessengers.Dr.Huangsaysthattheycouldbeusedinlong-termtoxicitytestsofairbornechemicalsandcouldalsohelpidentifytreatmentsforlungdiseases.
Theimmunesystemcanbemimickedandtested,too.ProBioGen,acompanybasedinBerlin,isdevelopinganartificialhumanlymphnode(淋巴结)which,itreckons,couldhavepreventedtheneardisastrousconsequencesofadragtrialheldinBritainthreemonthsago,inwhich(despitethedraghavingpassedanimaltests)sixmensufferedmultipleorganfailureandnearlydied.Thedrugthemenweregivenmadetheirimmunesystemshyperactive.Sucharesponsewould,thefirm'sscientistsreckon,naveteenidentifiedbytheirlymphnode,whichismadefromcellsthatprovoketheimmunesystemintoaresponse.ProBioGen'slymphnodecouldthusworkbetterthananimaltesting.
Asecondalternative
Anotherwayofcuttingthenumberofanimalexperimentswouldbetochangethewaythatvaccinesaretested,accordingtoCoenraadHendriksenoftheNetherlandsVaccineInstitute.Atthemoment,allbatchesofvaccinearesubjecttothesamebatteryoftests.Dr.Hendriksenarguesthatthisisover-rigorous.Whennewvaccineculturesaremade,belt-and-bracestestsobviouslyneedtobeapplied.Butifabatchofvaccineisderivedfromanexistingculture,hesuggeststhatitneedbetestedonlytomakesureitisidenticaltothebatchfromwhichitisderived.Thatwouldrequirefewertestanimals.
Allthissuggeststhatthoughthereisstillsomewaytogobeforedrugs,vaccinesandothersubstancescanbetestedroutinelyoncellsratherthanliveanimals,usefulprogressisbeingmade.Whatishardertoseeishowtheuseofanimalsmightbebanishedfromfundamentalresearch.
Weighingthebalance
Inbasicscientificresearch,wheretheobjectistounderstandhow,say,thebrainworksratherthantodevelopadrugtotreatbraindisease,thewholeanimalisoftennecessarilytheobjectofstudy.Indeed,insomecases,scientificadvancesaremakinganimaltestsmorevaluable,ratherthanless.Geneticmodificationtechniquesmeanthatmiceandratscanberemodelledtomakethemexhibitillnessesthattheywouldnotnormallysufferfrom.Also,genesforhumanproteinscanbeaddedtothem,sothatanimaltestswillmorecloselymimichumanresponses.Thisofferstheopportunitytounderstandhumandiseasesbetter,andtoscreentreatmentsbeforehumantrialsbegin.However,theverycreationofthesemutants(突变异种)countsasananimalexperimentinitsownright,sothenumberofexperimentsisincreasingonceagain.
Whatisbadnewsforrodents,though,couldbegoodnewsforprimates.Apesandmonkeysbelongtothesamegroupofmammalsashumans,andarethusseenasthebestsubjectsforcertainsortsofexperiment.Totheextentthatrodentscanbe"humanised",thenumberofprimateexperimentsmightbereduced.
Somepeople,ofcourse,wouldliketoseethemeliminatedaltogether,regardlessoftheeffectonusefulresearch.OnJune6ththeBritishUnionfortheAbolitionofVivisection,ananimal-rightsgroup,calledfortheuseofprimatesinresearchtobebanned.Forgreatapes,thishasalreadyhappened.Britain,Austria,theNetherlands,NewZealandandSwedenhaveendedexperimentsonchimpanzees,gorillas,bonobosandorang-utans.Experimentsonmonkeys,though,arestillpermitted.Andsomecountrieshavenotbannedexperimentsonapes.InAmerica,forexample,about1,000chimpanzeesayearareusedinresearch.
Thisisadifficultarea.Greatapesareman'sclosestrelatives,havingpartedcompanyfromthehumanfamilytreeonlyafewmillionyearsago.Henceitcanbe(andis)arguedthattheyareindispensableforcertainsortsofresearch.Ontheotherhand,arecentstudybyAndrewKnightandhiscolleaguesatAnimalConsultantsInternational,ananimal-advocacygroup,castsdoubtontheclaimthatapesareusedonlyforworkofvitalimportancetohumanity.Importantpaperstendtogetcitedasreferencesinsubsequentstudies,soMr.Knightlookedintothenumberofcitationsreceivedby749scientificpaperspublishedasaresultofinvasiveexperimentsoncaptivechimpanzees.Halfhadreceivednotasinglecitationuptotenyearsaftertheiroriginalpublication.
Thatisdamning.Animalexperimentsareneededfortheadvanceofmedicalscience,nottomentionpeople'ssafety.Butifscientistsaretokeepthesympathyofthepublic,theyneedtodobetterthanthat.
1.Thepassagesummarizesharmfuleffectsofanimalexperiment.However,asanimalexperimentisindispensableinanumberofareas,itmightnotbestoppedorreplacedbyotheralternatives.
2.Animalexperimentsareneededinresearchtofindnewdrugsandvaccines,andtofindwaysofprotectionfromthetoxicityofchemicals.
3.ItispredictedbyexpertsthatthenumberofanimalsusedfortoxicitytestinginEuropewillquintupleduetoaplantohavealargevarietyofchemicaltested.
4.Peoplearetryingtofindalternativestoanimaltesting,andtheystartedwithliver.
5.PrimeCyteandPfizerbegantofindalternativestoanimaltestingbecausetheywereadvocatesofanimalprotection.
6.Itisfoundthattissuesfromliver,lung,andimmunesystemcanallbetestedindependentlyofanimals.
7.Althoughthereismorethanonealternativetoanimalexperiment,thereisstillconcernoverhowtoeliminateanimaltestinginfundamentalresearch.
8.Inbasicscientificresearch,theobjectistounderstandhow,say,thebrainworksratherthantodevelopadrugto______braindisease.
9.Indeed,insomecases,scientificadvancesaremakinganimaltests___________
10.Recently,ananimal-advocacygroupcastsdoubtonthescientists'claimthatapesareusedonlyfor__________
PartⅢListeningComprehension
SectionA
Directions:
Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustrendthe
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