细胞生物学名解.docx
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细胞生物学名解.docx
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细胞生物学名解
1.neuralstemcell(NSC)
答案:
存在于成体脑组织中的一种干细胞,它可生成神经元、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞。
亦可转分化成血细胞和骨骼肌细胞。
2.XinactivationX
答案:
雌性成体细胞中两条X染色体中的一条处于正常失活状态。
3.cellline细胞系
答案:
在培养中由原代培养物产生的可无限增殖的细胞群。
一般为肿瘤细胞或转化细胞形成。
4.polymorphicnucleus多形核
答案:
哺乳动物颗粒白细胞中形状不规则的核。
5.voltage-gatedionchannel电压门控通道
答案:
兴奋细胞质膜上的一种离子通道,对跨膜电位差的变化极为敏感,因膜电位达到一定阈值而开放。
6.contractileprotein收缩蛋白
答案:
细胞中参与收缩过程的蛋白质,如肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白。
7.cellcoat
答案:
又称糖萼(glycocalyx),动物细胞质膜外的一层黏多糖物质,以共价键和膜蛋白或膜脂结合形成糖蛋白或糖脂,它对膜蛋白有保护作用,并在分子识别中起重要作用
8.λ-phagevectorλ-噬菌体载体:
答案:
由λ噬菌体DNA发展而来的DNA克隆载体
9.adaptorprotein衔接器蛋白
答案:
在细胞内信号传递途径中,凡是在不同蛋白质间起连接作用的蛋白质的通称。
10.celladhesion细胞黏附
答案:
动物细胞通过细胞表面的黏附分子介导细胞之间或细胞与细胞外基质之间的黏附。
1.thickfilament粗(肌)丝答案:
横纹肌中的肌球蛋白II丝,直径约12-14nm。
2.laserscanningconfocalmicroscope
答案:
利用细激光束通过物镜扫描标本成像,将不同光切面的影像经计算机图象处理,获得三维影像。
3.ultrastructure超微结构
答案:
细胞从亚显微水平到分子水平的结构的统称,亦称亚显微结构(submicroscopicstructure)。
4.liposome脂质体用悬浮在水中的磷脂分子人工制备成的脂双层小膜泡。
5.transdifferentiation转分化
答案:
(1)已分化细胞经去分化后再分化成另一种细胞的现象,如色素细胞分化成晶状体。
(2)一种组织的干细胞能够分化成他种组织细胞的现象。
6.dockingprotein停泊蛋白
答案:
内质网膜上的信号识别颗粒受体。
7.thylakoid类囊体
答案:
叶绿体基质中由单位膜封闭形成的扁平囊。
8.nuclearporecomplex核孔复合体
答案:
核被膜上沟通核质和细胞质的复杂隧道结构,由多种核孔蛋白构成。
隧道的内、外口和中央有由核糖核蛋白组成的颗粒。
核孔对进出核的物质有控制作用。
9.cytoplast,cytosome胞质体
答案:
利用物理或化学方法,将细胞核去除后所得到的细胞部分,可以用来研究细胞核与细胞质的关系
10.axonaltransport
细胞器或分子沿神经细胞轴突定向的运输,可以是顺向的(从细胞体向外)或逆向的(向着细胞体
11.sexdetermination性别决定
答案:
由于性染色体上的性别决定基因地活动,胚胎发生了雄性和雌性的性别差异。
在哺乳动物中,基因型若为XY,则为雄性性,XX为雌性。
4.fusin引信蛋白
答案:
在各种CD4细胞中广泛表达的一种7次穿膜的G蛋白,与趋化因子受体相连,当HIV病毒感染T细胞时起辅因子的作用。
5.glialcells胶质细胞
答案:
神经系统中的支持细胞,包括脊椎动物中枢神经系统中的少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞以及周围神经系统中的雪旺细胞。
7.lamellipodium片足
答案:
细胞表面的外被质膜的薄片状突起,内部有肌动蛋白丝网络的支撑,与细胞运动有关。
8.myofibril肌原纤维答案:
由粗肌丝和细肌丝规则排列构成的肌纤维亚单位。
9.cytoplast,cytosome胞质体
答案:
利用物理或化学方法,将细胞核去除后所得到的细胞部分,可以用来研究细胞核与细胞质的关系。
12.Vitalstaining,intravitalstaining活体染色答案:
使用毒性小的染料对活体细胞或组织的染色。
15.leucoplast白色体答案:
一种无色的质体。
1,primaryculture:
Thecellsareobtaineddirectlyfromtheorganism.Mostprimaryculturesofanimalcellsareobtainedfromembryos,whosetissuesaremorereadilydissociatedintosinglecellsthanthoseofadults.Dissociationisaccomplishedwiththeaidofaproteolyticenzyme,suchastrypsin.Thetissueisthenwashedfreeoftheenzymeandusuallysuspendedinliquidmediatostartacellculture.
2,liposome:
Aimportantfeatureofthelipidbilayerisitsabilitytoselfassemble,forexample,asmallamountofphosphatidylcholineisdispersedinanaqueoussolution,thephospholipidmoleculesassemblespontaneouslytoformthewallsoffluid-filledsphericalvesicles,calledliposomes.
3,basementmembrane:
Acontinuoussheetthat
(1)surroundsmuscleandfatcells,
(2)underliesthebasalsurfaceofepithelialtissues,suchastheepidermisoftheskin,(3)underliestheinnerendothelialliningofbloodvessels.Basementmembranesprovidemechanicalsupportfortheattachedcells,generatesignalsthatmaintaincellsurevival,serveasasubstratumforcellmigration,separateadjacenttissueswithinanorgan,andactasabarriertothepassageofmacromolecules.
4,Fibronectin:
Consistsofalineararrayofdistinct“buildingblocks”thatgiveseachpolypeptideoftheextracellularmatrixamodularconstruction.Eachfibronectinpolypeptideisconstructedfromasequenceofapproximately30independentlyfoldingFnmoidules,whileFn-typemoduleswerefirstdiscoveredinfibronectin,theyarefoundaspartofmanyotherproteins,rangingfrombloodclottingfactorstomembranereceptorsandotherproteinsoftheECM.Eachofthetwopolypeptidechainsthatmakeupafibronectinmoleculecontains
(1)BindingsitesforothercomponentsoftheECM,suchascollagensandproteoglycans.
(2)Bindingsitesforreceptorsonthecellsurface.
5,junctionalcomplex:
Thecellsofcertaintissues,particularlyepitheliaandcardiacmuscle,arenotoriouslydifficulttoseparatefromoneanotherbecausetheyareheldtogethertightlybyspecializedcalcium-dependentadhesivejunctions.Therearetwomaintypesofadhesivejunctions:
adherensjunctionsanddesmosomes.Inadditiontoadhesivejunctions,epithelialcellsoftencontainothertypesofcelljunctionsthatarealsolocatedtheirlateralsurfacesneartheapicallumen.Whenthesejunctionsarearrangedinaspecificarray,thisassortmentofsurfacespecializationsiscalledajunctionalcomplex.
6,gapiunction:
Gapjunctionsaresitesbetweenanimalcellsthatarespecializedforintercellularcommunication.Theplasmamembranesofadjacentcellscomeveryclosetooneanotherbutdonotmakedirectcontact.Instead,thecleftbetweenthecllsisspannedbyveryfinestrandsthatarecomposedentirelyofanintegralmembraneproteincalledconnexin.Eachconnexoniscomposedofsixconnexinsubunitsarrangedaroundacentralopening.Gapjunctionscanputalargenumberofcellsofatissueintointimatecytoplasmiccontact.Thishasimportantphysiologicconsequences,becauseanumberofhighlyactiveregulatorysubstances,suchascAMPandinositolphosphates,aresmallenoughtofitthroughgap-junctionchannels.Asaresult,gapjunctionshavethepotentialtointegratetheactivitiesofindividualcellsofatissueintofunctionalunit.
一:
Giveagoodexplanationtothewordslistedbelow.(5x8=40points)
1,cellline:
Normal(nonmalignant)cellscandividealimitednumberoftimes(typically50to100)beforetheyundergosenescenceanddeath.Becauseofthis,manyofthecellsthatarecommonlyusedintissueculturestudieshaveundergonegeneticmodificationsthatallowthemtobegrownindefinitely.Cellsofthistypearereferredtoasacellline.
2,Laminin:
Lamininsareafamilyofextracellularglycoproteinsthatconsistofthreedifferentpolypeptidechainslinkedbydisulfidebondsandorganizedfintoamoleculeresemblingacrosswiththreeshortarmsandonelongarm.Atleast15differentlamininshavebeenidentified.Likefibronectin,extracellularlamininscangreatlyinfluenceacell’spotencialformigration,growth,anddifferentiation.Forexample,lamininsplayacriticalroleinthemigrationofprimordialgermcells.Thesecellsariseintheyolksac,whichislocatedtheembryoitself,andthenmigratebywayofthebloodstreamandembryonictothedevelopinggond,wheretheyeventuallygiverisetospermoreggs.Duringtheirmigration,theprimordialgermcellstraversesurfacesthatareparticularlyrichinlaminin.Studiesindicatethattheprimordialgermcellspossessacell-surfeceproteinthatadheresstronglytooneofthesubunitsofthelamininmolecule.
3,Cadherins:
ThecadherinsarealargefamilyofglycoproteinsthatmediateCa2+-dependentcell-celladhesionandtransmitsignalsfromtheECMtothecytoplasm.Cadherinsjoincellsofsimilartypetooneanotheranddosopredominantlybybindingtothesamecadherinpresentonthesurfaceoftheneighboringcell.Cadherinsarefoundonthesurfacesofmanydifferentcelltypesinanimals,witheachparticularmemberofthecadherinfamilyhavingaspecificdistributionwithinthebody.
4,apoptosis:
isaformofprogrammedcelldeathinmulticellularorganisms.Itisoneofthemaintypesofprogrammedcelldeaths(PCD)andinvolvesaseriesofbiochemicaleventsleadingtoacharacteristiccellmorphologyanddeath,inmorespecificterms,aseriesofbiochemicaleventsthatleadtoavarietyofmorphologicalchanges,includingblebbing,changestothecellmembranesuchaslossofmembraneasymmetryandattachment,cellshrinkage,nuclearfragmentation,chromatincondensation,andchromosomalDNAfragmentation.
5,extracellularmessengermolecules:
Cellsusuallycommunicatewitheachotherthroughextracellularmessengermolecules.Cellsignalingisinitiatedwiththereleaseofamessengermoleculebyacellthatisengagedinsendingmessagestoothercellsinthebody.Insomecases,themessengermoleculeneedonlydiffuseacrossanarrowcleftorthroughatinybloodvesselbeforethemessagerisreceivedbyanappropriatetargetcell.Inothercases,themessengermoleculemayhavetocirculatethroughtheentirebodybeforeitreachesspecifictargetcells.Cellscanonlyrespondtoanextracellularmessageiftheyexpressreceptorsthatspecificallyrecognizeandbindthatparticularmessengermolecule.
6,chromatin:
ChromatinistheDNA/protein/RNAcomplexextractedfromeukaryoticlysedinterphasenuclei.Themajorproteinsinvolvedinchromatinarehistoneproteins.AndthefunctionsofchromatinaretopackageDNAintoasmallervolumetofitinthecell,tostrengthentheDNAtoallowmitosisandmeiosis,andtoserveasamechanismtocontrolexpression.Changesinchromatinstructureareaffectedmainlybymethylation(DNAandproteins)andacetylation(proteins).ChromatinstructureisalsorelevanttoDNAreplicationandDNArepair.
7,house-keepinggene:
Expressedinallcelltypes,essentialforallcells,responsiblefortheroutinmetabolicfunctions.
8,Hayflicklimit:
isthenumberoftimesacellwilldividebeforeitstopsduetothetelomerereachingacriticallength.ItwasdiscoveredbyLeonardHayflickin1965,whenHayflickdemonstratedthatnormalhumancellsinacellculturedivideabout52timesbeforeenteringasenescencephase(refutingthecontentionbyAlexisCarrelthatnormalcellsareimmortal).EachmitosisshortensthetelomereappendixontheDNAofthecell,thustickingbackan"innerclock"foreachsubsequentcopyofthecell.Thismechanismisbelievedtohaveevolvedprimarilytoprotectthebodyfromcreatingapotentially-cancerouscell.BecauseofthefragmentedwayDNAreplicates,averyshorttelomeredcellmayleadtogenomicinstabilitywhentheproteinsmeanttobelocatedonthetelomerewillfailtoattachanditwillbemarkedasadouble-strandDNAbreak,possib
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