《英语教学法教程》(王蔷)考研复习资料-名词解释.docx
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《英语教学法教程》(王蔷)考研复习资料-名词解释.docx
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1.TheultimategoalofELT:
theultimateofforeignlanguageteachingistoenablestudentstousetheforeignlanguageinworkorlifewhennecessary.Thusweshouldteachthatpartofthelanguagethatwillbeused(ratherthanallpartofthelanguage).
Definitionoftask:
apieceofclassroomworkwhichinvolveslearnersincomprehending,manipulating,producingorinteractinginthetargetlanguagewhiletheirattentioninprincipallyfocusedonmeaningratherthanform.(Nunan1989:
8)
Alessonplanisaframeworkofalessoninwhichteachersmakeadvancedecisionaboutwhattheyhopetoachieveandhowtheywouldliketoachieveit.Inotherwords,teachersneedtothinkabouttheaimstobeachieved,materialstobecovered,activitiestobeorganized,andtechniquesandresourcestobeusedinordertoachievetheaimsofthelesson.
Classroommanagemenisthewayteachersorganizewhatgoesonintheclassroom.Itcontributesdirectlytotheefficiencyofteachingandlearningasthemosteffectiveactivitiescanbemadealmostuselessiftheteacherdoesnotorganizethemefficiently.AsthegoalofclassroommanagementistocreateanatmosphereconductivetointeractinginEnglishinmeaningfulways.
Deductivemethod:
TheDeductivemethodreliesonreasoning,analyzingandcomparing.First,theTwritesanexampleonboardordrawsattentiontoanexampleinthetextbook.Second,theTexplainstheunderlyingrulesregardingtheformsandpositionsofcertainstructuralwords.TheexplanationsareoftendoneintheS’snativelanguageandusegrammaticalterms.Sometimes,comparisonsaremadebetweenthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguageorbetweenthenewlypresentedstructureandpreviouslylearnedstructures.Finally,theSspracticeapplyingtheruletoproducesentenceswithgivenprompts.
Inductivemethod:
theTprovideslearnerswithauthenticlanguagedataandinducesthelearnerstorealizegrammarruleswithoutanyformsofexplicitexplanation.
1.Language:
”Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.”Itcanbeunderstoodinthefollowingsixaspects:
Languageassystem;
Languageassymbolic;
Languageasarbitrary;
Languageasvocal;
Languageashuman;
Languageascommunication
Bottom-upmodel
Someteachersteachreadingbyintroducingnewvocabularyandnewstructuresfirstandthengoingoverthetextsentencebysentence.Thiswayofteachingreadingreflectsthebeliefthatreadingcomprehensionisbasedontheunderstandingandmastery熟练ofallthenewwords,newphrases,andnewstructuresaswellasalotofreadingaloudpractice.Also,thisreadingfollowsalinearprocessfromtherecognitionofletters,towords,tophrases,tosentences,toparagraphs,andthentothemeaningofthewholetext.Thiswayofteachingreadingissaidtofollowabottom-upmodel.
2).Top-downmodel
Itisbelievedthatinteachingreading,theteachershouldteachthebackgroundknowledgefirstsothatstudentsequippedwithsuchknowledgewillbeabletoguessmeaningfromtheprintedpage.Thisprocessofreadingissaidtofollowthetop-downmodelofteachingreadingjustasGoodman(1970)oncesaidthatreadingwas“apsycholinguisticguessinggame”
2.Structuralview:
Thestructuralviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems:
fromphonological,morphological,lexical,etc.tosentences.
3.Thefunctionalview:
Thefunctionalviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoingthings.Mostofourday-to-daylanguageuseinvolvesfunctionalactivities:
greetings;offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.
Thecommunicativeviewoflanguage
Thecommunicative,orfunctionalviewoflanguageistheviewthatlanguageisavehiclefortheexpressionoffunctionalmeaning.Thesemanticandcommunicativedimensionsoflanguagearemoreemphasizedthanthegrammaticalcharacteristics,althoughthesearealsoincluded.
4.Theinteractionalview:
Theinteractionalviewconsiderslanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.
1)Thebehavioristtheory(Skinner)--astimulus-responsetheoryofpsychology
Thekeypointofthetheoryofconditioningisthat"youcantrainananimaltodoanything(withinreason)ifyoufollowacertainprocedurewhichhasthreemajorstages,stimulus,response,andreinforcement"
2)Cognitivetheory(NoamChomsky):
Thetermcognitiveistodescribelooselymethodsinwhichstudentsareaskedtothinkratherthansimplyrepeat.
ThegoalofCLT
ThegoalofCLTistodevelopstudents'communicativecompetence
Lessonplanningmeansmakingdecisionsinadvanceaboutwhattechniques,activitiesandmaterialswillbeusedintheclass.
Teachingstagesandprocedures:
Teachingstagesarethemajorstepsthatlanguageteachersgothroughintheclassroom.Proceduresarethedetailedstepsine
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