职称英语完形填空 zhou.docx
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职称英语完形填空 zhou.docx
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职称英语完形填空zhou
CaptainCookArrowLegend
Itwasagreatlegendwhileitlasted,butDNAtestinghasfinallyendedatwo-century-oldstoryoftheHawaiianarrowcarvedfromtheboneofBritishexplorerCaptainJamesCookwhodiedintheSandwichIslandsin1779.
"ThereisnoCookintheAustralianMuseum,"museumcollectionmanagerJudePhilipsaidnotlongagoinannouncingtheDNAevidencethatthearrowwasnotmadeofCook'sbone.Butthatwillnotstopthemuseumfromcontinuingtodisplaythearrowinitsexhibition."Uncovered:
TreasuresoftheAustralianMuseum,''whichdoesincludeafeathercapepresentedtoCookbyHawaiianKingKalani'opu'uin1778.
CookwasoneofBritain'sgreatexplorersandiscreditedwithdiscoveringthe"GreatSouthLand,"nowAustralia,in1770.HewasclubbedtodeathintheSandwichIslands,nowHawaii.
ThelegendofCook'sarrowbeganin1824whenHawaiianKingKamehamehaonhisdeathbedgavethearrowtoWilliamAdams,aLondonsurgeonandrelativeofCook'swife,sayingitwasmadeofCook'sboneafterthefatalfightwithislanders.
Inthe1890sthearrowwasgiventotheAustralianMuseumandthelegendcontinueduntilitcameface-to-facewithscience.
DNAtestingbylaboratoriesinAustraliaandNewZealandrevealedthearrowwasnotmadeofCook'sbonebutwasmorelikelymadeofanimalbone,saidPhilp.
However,Cook'sfansrefusetogiveuphopethatoneCooklegendwillprovetrueandthatpartofhisremainswillstillbeuncovered;astheysaythereisevidencenotallofCook'sbodywasburiedatseain1779."Onthisoccasiontechnologyhaswon,"saidCliffThornton,presidentoftheCaptainCookSociety,inastatementfromBritain."ButIamsurethatoneofthesedays...oneoftheCooklegendswillprovetobetrueanditwillhappenoneday."
AvalancheandItsSafety
Anavalancheisasuddenandrapidflowofsnow,oftenmixedwithairandwater,downamountainside.Avalanchesareamongthebiggestdangersinthemountainsforbothlifeandproperty.
Allavalanchesarecausedbyanover-burdenofmaterial,typicallysnowpack,thatistoomassiveandunstablefortheslopethatsupportsit.Determiningthecriticalload,theamountofover-burdenwhichislikelytocauseanavalanche,isacomplextaskinvolvingtheevaluationofanumberoffactors.
Terrainslopesflatterthan25degreesorsteeperthan60degreestypicallyhavealowriskofavalanche.Snowdoesnotgathersignificantlyonsteepslopes;also,snowdoesnotfloweasilyonflatslopes.Human-
triggeredavalancheshavethegreatestincidencewhenthesnow'sangleofrestisbetween35and45degrees;thecriticalangle,theangleatwhichthehumanincidenceofavalanchesisgreatest,is38degrees.Theruleofthumbis:
Aslopethatisflatenoughtoholdsnowbutsteepenoughtoskihasthepotentialtogenerateanavalanche,regardlessoftheangle.Additionally,avalancheriskincreaseswithuse;thatis,themoreaslopeisdisturbedbyskiers,themorelikelyitisthatanavalanchewilloccur.
Duetothecomplexityofthesubject,wintertravellinginthebackcountry
isnever100%safe.Goodavalanchesafetyisacontinuousprocess,includingrouteselectionandexaminationofthesnowpack,weatherconditions,andhumanfactors.Severalwell-knowngoodhabitscanalsoreducetherisk.Iflocalauthoritiesissueavalancheriskreports,theyshouldbeconsideredandallwarningsshouldbepaidattentionto.Neverfollowinthetracksofotherswithoutyourownevaluations;snowconditionsarealmostcertaintohavechangedsincetheyweremade.Observetheterrainandnoteobviousavalanchepathswhereplantsaremissingordamaged.Avoidtravelingbelowotherswhomighttriggeranavalanche.
GiantStructures
Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodemworldsinceeveryyearmorewonderfulconstructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmirationalthoughtheymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders.
ThePetronasTwinTowers
ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.Withaheightof452metres,thetalltwintowers,liketwothinpencils,dominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloor,thetowersarelinkedbyabridge,symbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers.
Constructedofhigh-strengthconcrete,thebuildingprovidesaround1,800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Otherfeaturesofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerlifts,andglassandsteelsunshades.
TheMillauBridge
TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTamValley,insouthernFrance.Atthetimeitwasbuilt,itwastheworld'shighestbridge,reachingover340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.ItwasbuilttorelieveMillau'scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthemostextremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besides,itisguaranteedfor120years!
TheItaipuDam
TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.ItconsistsofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana,whichformsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocomplete,theconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwocountries.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay'sand25%ofBrazil'senergyneeds.Initsconstruction,theamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisatrulyamazingwonderofengineering.
Animal's"SixthSense"
AtsunamiwastriggeredbyanearthquakeintheIndianOceaninDecember,
2004.ItkilledtensofthousandsofpeopleinAsiaandEastAfrica.Wildanimals,however,seemtohaveescapedthatterribletsunami.ThisphenomenonaddsweighttonotionsthatItheypossessa"sixthsense"fordisasters,expertssaid.
SriLankanwildlifeofficialshavesaidthegiantwavesthatkilledover
24,000peoplealongtheIndianOceanisland'scoastclearlymissedwildbeasts,withnodeadanimalsfound.
"Noelephantsaredead,notevenadeadrabbit.Ithinkanimalscansensedisaster.Theyhaveasixthsense.Theyknowwhenthingsarehappening,."H.D.Ratnayake,deputydirectorofSriLanka'sWildlifeDepartment,saidaboutonemonthafterthetsunamiattack.Thewaveswashedfloodwatersupto2milesinlandatYalaNationalParkintheravagedsoutheast,SriLanka'sbiggestwildlifereserveandhometohundredsofwildelephantsandseveralleopards.
"Therehasbeenalotofapparentevidenceaboutdogsbarkingorbirdsmigratingbeforevolcaniceruptionsorearthquakes.Butithasnotbeenproven,."saidMatthewvanLierop,ananimalbehaviorspecialistatJohannesburgZoo.
"Therehavebeennospecificstudiesbecauseyoucan'treallytestitinalaborfieldsetting,"hetoldReuters.Otherauthoritiesconcurredwiththisassessment.
"Wildlifeseemtobeabletopickupcertainphenomenon,especiallybirds
...therearemanyreportsofbirdsdetectingimpendingdisasters,."saidClive
Walker,whohaswrittenseveralbooksonAfricanwildlife.
Animalscertainlyrelyontheknownsensessuchassmellorhearingtoavoiddangersuchaspredators.
Thenotionofananimal"sixthsense"-orsomeothermythicalpower-isanenduringonewhichtheevidenceonSriLanka'sravagedcoastislikelytoaddto.
TheRomanssawowlsasomensofimpendingdisasterandmanyancientculturesviewedelephantsassacredanimalsendowedwithspecialpowersorattributes.
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlind
Ifyoucannotsee,youmaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding--andthatcouldbefatal.AcompanyinLeedscouldchangeallthatwithdirectionalsoundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexit.
SoundAlert,acompanyrunbytheUniversityofLeeds,isinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomeforblindpeopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproduceawiderangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebraintodeterminewherethesoundiscomingfrom.
DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbeheardbyhumans."Itisaburstofwhitenoisethatpeoplesaysoundslikestaticontheradio,"shesays."Itslife-savingpotentialisgreat."
Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imagingcamerastryingtofindtheirwayoutofalargesmoke-filledroom.Ittookthemnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm,butonly15secondswithone.
Withingtonstudieshowthebrainprocessessoundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthediagramofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointedmoreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarmsbasingonthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.
Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciestoindicatewhetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.TheyweredevelopedwiththeaidoralargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
CarThievesCouldBeStoppedRemotely
Speedingoffinastolencar,thethiefthinkshehasgotagreatcatch.Butheisinanastysurprise.ThecarisfittedWith,aremoteimmobilizer,andaradiosignalfromacontrolcentermilesawaywillensurethatoncethethiefswitchestheengineoff,hewillnotbeabletostartitagain.
Fornow,suchdevicesareonlyavailableforfleetsoftrucksa
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