西方哲学词典.docx
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西方哲学词典.docx
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西方哲学词典
西方哲学词典
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ABRIEFLEXICONOFPHILOSOPHICALTERMS
ABRIEFLEXICONOFSOMECOMMONLYUSEDPHILOSOPHICALTERMSINTHEPRESENTDAY
EditedandcopyrightÓ1989byF.F.Centore
APOSTERIORI(tocomeafterintime):
Thatwhichfollowsuponordependsuponsenseexperience;
aknowledgeofthingswhichcannotbearrivedatordeducedfromdefinitionsalone.E.g.,ifitis
rainingtodayIcouldnotknowthatfactsimplybyknowingthedefinitionsof"rain,""today,"etc.I
mustlearnaboutitbyeitherobservingitformyselforhavingsomeotherobserverconveythe
informationtome.
APRIORI(priortointime):
Thatwhichcomesbeforesenseexperience;thatwhichdoesnotrequire
senseknowledgetobeknownastrue.Cf."armchair"mathematicians.E.g.,Iknowacircleisround
bydefinition,evenifIhadneverseenacircleinmylife.
ABSTRACTION(ab-trahere;todrawout):
Thementalconcentrationononeaspectofsomething
whileignoringotheraspects;contrastedwiththewhole,CONCRETEthing,e.g.,sweetness—this
orange;humanness-Sally.Itdoesnotnecessarilyentailorimplytheactualdivisionorseparationof
thedifferentaspectsofthethingasitexistsoutsideofthemind.
ABSURD(ab-surdus;senseless):
Thatwhichisself—contradictory,impossible,e.g.,asquarecircle;hence,meaningless,ridiculous,irrational.In20thc.phil.thetermisoftenusedbyAtheistic
Existentialists,suchasAlbertCamusandJean-PaulSartre,torefertothehumancondition,i.e.,the
"absurdman"mustlearntosurvive,withoutcommittingsuicide,inameaningless,detrop,world,
onewhichhasn’tcomefromanywhereandwhichisnotgoinganywhere.Theworldandhumansare
"surds,"thingswithoutanyreasonforbeing.
ACADEMICFREEDOM:
Therighttodoresearchandteachinaccordancewiththestandardsofthe
institutionyoufreelychosetojoinandbywhosemoralandintellectualprinciplesyoufreelyagreed
toabide.Hence,IFboththeindividualandtheleadersoftheinstitutionknowwhattheyareaboutin
thefirstplace,there-cannotbeany-conflictbetweenone’spersonal,conscienceandtheschool.If
suchshouldariseduetoachangeonthepartoftheteacher,ingoodconsciencetheteachershould
voluntarilyleave.
ADHOMINEM(againsttheperson):
Inlogic,apseudo—argumentdirectedagainstsomepersonalcharacteristicoftheopponentratherthanagainstthesubstanceoftheposition.E.g.,Einstein
couldn’thavebeenright;justlookatthewayhecombedhishair!
AESTHETICS(aisthanesthai;toperceivebythesenses):
Theoriesconcerningthenature,origins,and
appreciationofthebeautiful.
AGNOSTICISM(a—gnostos;unknown):
InLatin,ignorance.Claimingthatnothingisknown
concerningtheanswerstotheultimatequestionsofscience,phil.,theology,andlifeingeneral.Such
knowledgeislackingnow,butwemaygetitinthefuture.E.g.,Darwinclaimedthathedidn’thave
anycertainknowledgeabouttheexistenceofGodandhumanfreedom.
ALIENATION(alius;other):
Ingeneral,thewithdrawingorremovingofonethingfromanother;to
beleftout;estranged.In19thc.phil.,the"For—Itself"losingitselftothe"In—Itself,"whichthen
comestostandoverinoppositionagainstthe"For—Itself."InHegel,TheAbsoluteSpirit(God)becomingotherintheformoftheMaterialworldwhichisdeterminedandmechanisticin
accordancewiththeNewtonianlawsofnature.InMarx,theworkerslosingtheirprofitstothe
capitalists;theirlabor,whichisthesourceofallwealth,isalienatedfromthemselves.InLudwig
FeuerbachandSigmundFreud,theprojectionofhumanfather—figuretraitsintotheheavenssoastoproduceGod;thelosingofhumannature,whichisreal,todivinenature,whichisunrealbut
whichnevertheless,asanobsessionalneurosis,standsinoppositiontoman.InSartre,thehuman
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conditionoftheabsolute,autonomous,freewill(theFor—Itself,non-being,nothingness)in
oppositiontotheoppressive,inertworldofphysicalmatter(theIn—Itself,being);inexplicablythe
In-ItselfproducestheFor—Itself;beingrecoilsagainstitselftoproducethenothingnessofhuman
consciousness;it’sme(myconsciousness)againsttheworld(includingotherpeople).
ALTRUISM(alter;theother):
Showinganunselfishloveforothers.
ANALOGOUSUSAGE:
Ingeneral,thesametermhasameaningthat’spartiallythesameand
partiallydifferentindifferentcontexts;verycommoninordinarylanguage.E.g.,tallman,ta;;tree;
goodflatworm,goodhusband;truediamond,truefriend,truelove;beautifulflower,beautiful
building,beautifulperson,etc.
ANALOGY(ana—logos;tosayagain):
Aratioofonethingtoanother;acomparison;usuallymeaningthattwothingsarethesameinatleastonerespecteventhoughtheremaybedifferencesin
otherrespects.Maintypes:
ATTRIBUTION:
Thetraitbe
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