中英习语的差异对比研究综述.docx
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中英习语的差异对比研究综述.docx
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中英习语的差异对比研究综述
毕业论文
题目:
中英习语的差异对比研究
Title:
AContrastiveStudyoftheDifferencesofEnglishandChineseIdioms
2009年5月25日
Acknowledgements
Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheteacherswhohavetaughtmeandgivenmehelpinthepast3yearsandtotheDepartmentofForeignLanguageofWenHuaCollegeHZUST.
Firstandforemost,I’dliketoexpressmyheartfeltthankstoMr.XiongDunli,myacademicsupervisor,whosevaluablecriticisms,helpfulsuggestionsandscholarlyinspiringguidanceandcarefulmodificationhavegreatlycontributedtothecompletionofthisthesis.Hehastakenallthetroublestogothroughandimprovemydraft.Withouthisselflesshelp,thispapercouldnothavecomeintobeinginsuchasmoothway.
IamalsogreatlyindebtedtoalltheotherteacherswhohavehelpedmetoimprovemyEnglishcompetencefromallaspects,particularlytoMr.CaiDingzhongwhohelpedmedecidethetopicofthepaper,andMs.LiuQiaoyunwhogavemanyusefulinspairationsforme.
Iwouldliketoextendmygreatindebtednesstomyundergraduateclassmateswhoencouragedandurgedmetogoonwithmystudyandprovidedalotofinvaluableadviceonmythesis.
Finally,Iwouldliketothankallthewriterswhoseworksarereferredtointhisthesis.
Abstract
Languageisthevehicleofculture.Idiomsarecreamoflanguage,soidiomsaremoretypicalthanotherelementsonreflectingculturalcharacteristicsoflanguage.Culturaldifferencesindifferentlanguagesarealwaysoneofthebarriersininterculturalcommunication.Idiomsarecrystallizationofhumanwitandwisdom,andgemsofalanguage.Inabroadsense,idiomsarecomposedofsetphrase,proverb,commonsaying,two-partallegoricalsayingandsoon.Languagecanreflectcultures,sobyanalyzingEnglishandChineseidioms,wecanseetheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandwesterncountries,whichincludethedifferencesoflivingconditions,conventions,religions,andhistoricalallusions.Associatedwiththedifferencesofthetwokindsofidioms,theircorrespondingrelationsaremainlyclassifiedintothreekinds:
full-corresponding,semi-correspondingandnon-corresponding.Basedontheunderstandingofthedefinition,thecharacteristicsofidioms,andthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidioms,thispaperexploressomecontrastivestudiesbetweenChineseandEnglishidioms.
KeyWordsinterculturalcommunicationidiomsdifferences
摘要
不同语言包含的文化差异一直是跨文化交际的障碍之一。
语言是文化的载体,习语又是语言的精华,因而习语在体现语言的文化特征方面,比之其他成分更具典型性。
从广义上讲,习语包括成语、谚语、俗语和歇后语等。
语言反映文化,通过分析英汉习语可以理解中西方文化差异,包括:
生存环境、传统习俗、宗教信仰、和历史典故。
包含不同文化背景的英汉习语主要存在三种对应关系:
完全对应关系、半对应关系、非对应关系。
本文在理解英汉习语的定义、特征和对应关系的基础上,对比研究了英汉习语的差异。
关键词跨文化交际习语差异
Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………..1
3.1ThecharacteristicsofEnglishandChineseidioms………………………………….......3
4.1Differencesinlivingconditions…………………………………………………...8
4.2Differencesinconventions………………………………………………………...9
4.3Differencesinreligions………………………………………………………..….10
4.4Differencesinhistoricalallusions………………………………………………...11
Conclusion…………………………………………………13
Bibliography…………………………………………………...14
Introduction
Inourcountry,thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationbeganintheearly1980s.Thoughthetimeisnotverylong,thedevelopmentspeedisquitequick.Someofthedomesticworksfocusedontheresearchoftheproblemsfromtheaspectsofverbalcommunicationandnonverbalcommunicationindifferentculturalcontext.Andothersplacedspecialemphasisonsomeimportantaspectsofinterculturalcommunication,suchasvalues,livingways,familyethics,marriagecustoms,andreligiousbeliefsandsoon.
Idiomsarethecreamofanationallanguage.Derivedfromthelanguageofnativespeakers,idiomscarryprofoundculturalimplications.Generatedandrefinedbylongusage,idiomshavebeendescribedasthecrystallizationofhumanwitandwisdomandtheessenceofalanguage.Withoutidiomsourlanguagewouldbedullanddry,andourspeechandwritingwouldlackcolor.Anappropriateuseoftheminourspeechorwritingwilladdstrengthandvividnesstoourlanguage,butoveruseorimproperusewillmakethelanguagesoundabnormalandunnatural.Idiomscanbecomparedtoamirrorreflectingthecharacteristicsofanationoraculture.Idiomscontainrichculturalconnotation,reflectthenaturalenvironment,livinghabitsandcustoms,religiousbeliefsaswellashistoricalbackgroundofthepeople.However,thegreatdifferencesinmanyaspectsbetweenEnglishandChineseinfluencethecorrectunderstandingandtheproperusageofidioms,sosomeonewithonlyasuperficialknowledgeofEnglishorChineseidiomswillfinditdifficultforhimselftograsptherealmeaninginhisreadingandcommunication,evensometimesthemisuseofidiomswillembarrassthespeaker.Therefore,weshouldpayattentiontotheimagewhenweunderstandandtranslateidioms.Peoplelivingindifferentculturalcircumstanceshavedifferentthinkingways,andidiomsexpressionsalsohavedifferencesinmanyaspects.Therefore,weshouldanalyzeandcomparethesourcesofEnglishandChineseidiomsfromaspectsofsocialandnaturalconditions,livingways,historicalbackground,religiousbeliefsandliteraryworksandsoon.
Translationisthebridgeofinterculturalcommunication.Weshouldhavetheconsciousnessofinterculturalcommunicationandshouldadoptdifferenttechniquesindifferentsituationsinorderthatthehiddenmeaningofidiomsbeexpressedorunderstoodexactly.
ⅠTherelationshipbetweenlanguageandidioms
Languageisanintrinsicpartofculture.Itcarriescultureandplaysaveryimportantroleinit.Someconsideritthekeystoneofculture.Ontheotherhand,languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture,anditreflectsculture.Inthebroadestsense,languageisthesymbolicrepresentationofapeople,anditcomprisestheirhistoricalandculturalbackgroundsaswellastheirapproachtolifeandtheirwaysoflivingandthinking.
Languageisthemeansoftransportationandthinkingtoolsinhumansociety,sopeoplemustconsolidatetheirunderstandingsoftheworldthroughlanguageandspreadtheunderstandingsvialanguage.Hence,languagebecomesthefaithfulrecordofculture.
Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturecanbeexpressedas:
languageisasignificantpartofculture,belongingtoculturalsystem.Itisthesymbolsthatrecordculture.Theyrestricteachotherandinfluenceeachother.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureisthekindwhichinfluencesandrestrictseachother,thatis,languageaffectsandrestrainscultureandviceversa.
Idiomsarethemirrorreflectingthecharacteristicsofanationalityandaculture.Idiomsareheavilyculturallyloadedphrasesorsentences,whichareusuallyhighlyspecializedinmeaningandimagestiedtodistinctiveculturalfeatures.Manyculturalfactorsareimplicitly,notexplicitly,loadedinidioms.Culturalfactorsembeddedinidiomsaredifficultproblemsinidiomtranslation.Idiomsinalanguageareformedonthebasisofanationality’shistory,economy,culture,traditionandcustom.Usuallytheirmeaningsarebeyondthesimplesumofeachwordintheidioms.Theyaremoretypicalinreflectingdistinctiveculturalfeaturesofalanguagethanotherlinguisticelements,soIchoose“idiom”astopictostudytheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.
ⅡDefinitionandrangeofEnglishandChineseidioms
Itisquitedifficulttogiveacleardefinitiontotheword“idiom”,foritpossessesseveralmeaningsthatmightcausesomeconfusion.Anidiomisaconstruction,expression,etc.thathasameaningdifferentfromtheliteraloneornotaccordingtotheusualpatternsofthelanguage.Anotherdefinitionis:
anidiomisagroupofwordswithameaningofitsownthatisdifferentfromthemeaningsofeachseparatewordputtogether.Anidiommeans“anacceptedphrase,construction,orexpressioncontrarytotheusualpatternsofthelanguageorhavingameaningdifferentfromthelanguageorhavingameaningdifferentfromtheliteral.TheChineseequivalentfor“idiom”is“习语”.Itmeansakindofsetphraseorsentence,which,likeastockexpression,isoftenquotedbypeople.
Firstly,anidiommustbewellestablishedandacceptedthroughcommonpractice.Ingeneral,noelementintheidiomcanbechangedwithoutdestroyingthesenseasawhole.Thuswecanonlysay,“tobeatliberty”not“tobeatfreedom”.Butinthephrase“tokeepintouchwith”,onemaysay“tokeepcloselyintouchwith”or“tokeepinconstanttouchwith”.SimilarlyinChinesewecanonlysay:
无的放失(toshootanarrowwithoutatarget—tohavenodefiniteobjectinview)not无的放简,although失and箭bothmean“arrow”.
Secondly,anidiomusuallyhasanimpliedmeaning.Itcannotbeinterpretedonlyaccordingtoitsliteralmeaning,becausetheycontainprofoundhistoricalculturesofacountryoranation.Whentakenliterallythephrase“raincatsanddogs”isnotidiom.However,inafigurativesense,itmeanstorainveryheavily,wecantranslatetheEnglishidiominto“倾盆大雨”(heavydownpour)inChinese.
Fromtheabovedefinitionswecanextracttwobasiccriteriaonwhichtodecidewhetheranexpressionisanidiomornot.Tosumup,anidiommaybedefinedasgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningdifferentfromthemeaningsofafreephrase.Englishidioms,inabroadsense,arecomposedofidiomaticphrase,proverbialsayingsandanumberofslangexpressions.WhereasChineseidiomscanberoughlydividedinto成语(setphrase),俗语(commonsaying),谚语(proverb),and歇后语(two-partallegoricalsaying)andsome粗俗语(vulgarexpressions).Thisisonlyaroughclassificationandtheremaybesomeoverlapamongthem.
ⅢThecharacteristicsofidiomsandthecorrespond
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