计算机英语第6章.docx
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计算机英语第6章.docx
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计算机英语第6章
Chapter6SoftwareEngineering
LearningObjectives:
Attheendofthischapter,youareexpectedto:
●understandthesoftwareengineeringandsoftwaredevelopmentprocess;
●haveaclearideaofsoftwaredesign;
●comprehendthesoftwaretestingprocess;
●knowsomethingaboutsoftwaremaintenance.
Warm-up:
FillineachblankwithitsChineseequivalent.
A.软件部署
B.需求规格
C.软件开发
D.软件增强
E.维护
F.测试与集成
G.编码
H.需求分析
1.requirementsanalysis
5.testing&integration
2.requirementsspecification
6.softwaredeployment
3.softwaredevelopment
7.maintenance
4.coding
8.softwareenhancements
6.1SoftwareDesign
Softwaredesignisaprocessofproblem-solvingandplanningforasolutioninsoftwareengineering.Afterthepurposeandspecificationsofsoftwarearedetermined,softwaredeveloperswilldesignoremploydesignerstodevelopaplanforasolution.Itincludeslow-levelcomponentimplementationissuesaswellasthearchitecturalview.Inshort,softwaredesignisaprocessofdefiningthearchitecture,components,interfaces,andothercharacteristicsofasystemorcomponentandplanningforasoftwaresolution.
Viewedasaprocess,softwaredesignisthesoftwareengineeringlifecycleactivityinwhichsoftwarerequirementsareanalyzedinordertoproduceadescriptionofthesoftware’sinternalstructurethatwillserveasthebasisforitsconstruction.Moreprecisely,asoftwaredesignmustdescribethesoftwarearchitectureandtheinterfacesbetweenthosecomponents.Itmustalsodescribethecomponentsatalevelofdetailthatenabletheirconstruction.
Softwaredesignplaysanimportantroleindevelopingsoftware:
itallowssoftwareengineerstoproducevariousmodelsthatformakindofblueprintofthesolutiontobeimplemented.Tounderstandtheroleofsoftwaredesign,itisimportanttounderstandthecontextinwhichitfits,thesoftwarelifecycle.Softwareproductsgothroughseveralstagesastheymaturefrominitialconcepttofinishedproduct.Thesequenceofstagesiscalledalifecycle.Itisimportanttodesignanddocumentsoftwareinanorganizedwaysothatitcanbeeasilyunderstoodandmaintainedaftertheinitialrelease.
Therearemanyaspectstoconsiderinthedesignofapieceofsoftware.Theimportanceofeachoneshouldreflectthegoalsthesoftwareistryingtoachieve.Someoftheseaspectsareasfollows:
specification[]
n.规格,说明书
component[]n. 成分,组件,部件implementation[]
n.执行
architectural[]adj. 建筑上的
characteristic
[]
adj.特有的
n.特性,特征
precisely
[]
adv.精确地
blueprint
[]
n.蓝图,设计图
implement
[]
v. 使生效,贯彻
mature[]
adj.成熟的
vi.成熟,到期
initial[]
adj. 最初的,开头的
document[]
v.证明,提供文件
release[]
v.& n.释放,发行
asfollows
adv.如下
•Marketability
•Usability
•Packaging
•Extensibility
•Robustness
•Reliability
•Fault-tolerance
•Security
•Maintainability
•Compatibility
•Modularity
•Reusability
Therearedifferentsoftwaredesignmethodologies,whichaimtoprovideatemplateprocessoraframeworkfortheactualdesignofasystem.Theyaimtosimplifytheactualprocessofdesigningasystemandaimtoenforcesomestandarddesignprincipleswhichimprovethequalityofadesign.OneoftheearlierdesignmethodologiesistheResponsibilityDrivenDesign(RDD).ItformsthebasisoftheURDAD,theUseCase,Responsibility-DrivenAnalysisandDesignmethodwhichaimstogenerateatechnologydesignwhichisthenmappedontoone’schoiceofimplementationarchitectureandtechnologies.
Softwaredesigndocumentationmaybepreviewedorpresentedtoallowconstraints,specificationsandevenrequirementstobeadjustedpriortoprogramming.Redesignmayoccurafterreviewofaprogrammedsimulationorprototype.Itispossibletodesignsoftwareintheprocessofprogramming,withoutaplanorrequirementanalysis,butformorecomplexprojectsthatwouldnotbeconsideredaprofessionalapproach.Aseparatedesignpriortoprogrammingallowsformultidisciplinarydesignersandsubjectmatterexpertstocollaboratewithhighly-skilledprogrammersforsoftwarethatisbothusefulandtechnicallysoundactually.
Softwaredesignisakeyphaseofasoftwarelifecycle,withoutwhichnosuccessisensuredandwithwhichsuccessisnotabsolute.Onlybydoingitwellcanitcontributetofinalsuccess.
(Words:
528)
marketability
[]
n.可销售性
usability[]
n.可用性
extensibility[]
n. 可延长性,展开性
robustness
n.强壮,健全
maintainability
n.可维护性
compatibility[]
n.兼容性
modularity[]
n.模块性
template[]
n. 模板
map[]
v.绘制地图
documentation[]
n.记录,程序说明书
constraint
[]
n.强制,约束
simulation[]n.模仿
prototype[]n.原型
multidisciplinary
[]
adj. 包括各种学科的,
collaboratewith合作
Exercises:
I.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.
()1.Accordingtothetext,softwaredesignisaprocessofproblem-producing.
()2.Softwaredesignisanimportantphaseofthesoftwarelifecycle.
()3.Therearemanyaspectstoconsiderinthedesignofapieceofsoftware,e.g.robustness,reliability,fault-tolerance,security,etc.
()4.Softwaredesignmethodologiesaimtoprovideatemplateprocessoraframeworkfortheactualdesignofasystem.
()5.Allthesoftwaredesignscanbecompletedwithoutaplanorrequirementanalysis.
II.Therearemanyaspectsareprettyimportantinthedesignofapieceofsoftware.Matchthewordsorexpressionsintheleftcolumnwiththosesimilarinmeaningintherightcolumn.
1.Marketability
A.可靠性
2.Usability
B.安全性
3.Packaging
C.市场性
4.Extensibility
D.包装
5.Robustness
E.可用性
6.Reliability
F.延展性
7.Fault-tolerance
G.可维护性
8.Security
H.坚实性
9.Maintainability
I.兼容性
10.Compatibility
J.容错性
III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsorexpressionsinthebox,makingchangesifnecessary:
transform
solution
interaction
situation
softwarepattern
deal
design
describe
Insoftwareengineering,softwaredesignisaprocessofproblem-solvingandplanningforasoftwaresolution.Adesignpatternisageneral_________
(1)toacommonlyoccurringprobleminsoftware_________
(2).Adesignpatternisnotafinisheddesignthatcanbe_________(3)directlyintocode.Itisadescriptionforhowtosolveaproblemthatcanbeusedinmanydifferent__________(4).Object-orienteddesignpatternsshowrelationshipsand__________(5)betweenclassesorobjects,withoutspecifyingthefinalapplicationclassesorobjectsthatareinvolved.
Notall___________(6)aredesignpatterns.Designpatterns________(7)specificallywithproblemsatthelevelofsoftwaredesign.Otherkindsofpatterns,suchasarchitecturalpattern,_____________(8)problemsandsolutionsthathavealternativescopes.
IV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese.
1.Softwareengineeringistheapplicationofasystematic,disciplinedapproachtothedevelopment,operation,andmaintenanceofsoftware.
2.Softwaredesignisaprocessofproblem-solvingandplanningforasolution.
3.Atemplateorpatterndescribingasolutiontoacommonproblemisknownasadesignpattern.
4.Designmethodologiesaimtoprovideatemplateprocessoraframeworkfortheactualdesignofasystem.
5.Theyaimtosimplifytheactualprocessofdesigningasystemandaimtoenforcesomestandarddesignprincipleswhichimprovethequalityofadesign.
6.2
SoftwareTesting
Softwaretestingistheprocessofcheckingsoftware,toverifythatitsatisfiesitsrequirementsandtodetecterrors.
Softwaretestingisaninvestigationconductedtoprovidestakeholderswithinformationaboutthequalityoftheproductorserviceundertest,withrespecttothecontextinwhichitisintendedtooperate.Thisincludes,butisnotlimitedto,theprocessofexecutingaprogramorapplicationwiththeintentoffindingsoftwarebugs.
Testingcannevercompletelyestablishthecorrectnessofcomputersoftware.Instead,itfurnishesacriticismorcomparisonthatcomparesthestateandbehavioroftheproductagainstaspecification.
Overitsexistence,computersoftwarehascontinuedtogrowincomplexityandsize.Everysoftwareproducthasatargetaudience.Forexample,theaudienceforvideogamesoftwareiscompletelydifferentfrombankingsoftware.Therefore,whenanorganizationdevelopsorotherwiseinvestsinasoftwareproduct,itpresumablymustassesswhetherthesoftwareproductwillbeacceptabletoitsendusers,itstargetaudience,itspurchasers,andotherstakeholders.Softwaretestingistheprocessofattemptingtomakethisassessment.
Acommonpracticeofsoftwaretestingisperformedbyanindependentgroupoftestersafterthefunctionalityisdevelopedbeforeitisshippedtothecustomer.Thispracticeoftenresultsinthetestingphasebeingusedasprojectbuffertocompensateforprojectdelays,therebycompromisingthetimedevotedtotesting.
verify[]
vt.检验,校验
stakeholder
[]
n.涉众
withrespectto
关于,至于
furnish[]
v.布置,提供
criticism
[ˈkritisizəm]n.批评
comparison
[kəmˈpærisə]
n.比较,对照
complexity
[kəmˈpleksiti]
n. 复杂性
presumably
[priˈzju:
məbli]
adv. 据推测,大概
assess[]
n.估定,评定
purchaser
[]n.买方
functionality
[ˌfʌŋkəʃəˈnæliti]
n.功能性
buffer[]
n.&v.缓冲
compensate
[ˈkɔmpenseit]
v. 补偿
compromise
[ˈkɔmprəmaiz]
v.&n. 妥协,折中
Anotherpracticeistostartsoftwaretestingatthesamemomenttheproject
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