语言学八套真题.docx
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语言学八套真题.docx
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语言学八套真题
英语语言学试题(TestOne)
第一部分 选择题
I.Directions:
Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decide
whichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputthe
letterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)
1、Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor"correct"linguisticbehavior,
itissaidtobe___.
A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguistic
C、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic
2、Ofallthespeechorgans,the___is/arethemostflexible.
A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocalcords
3、Themorpheme"vision"inthecommonword"television"isa(n)___.
A、boundmorphemeB、boundform
C、inflectionalmorphemeD、freemorpheme
4、A___intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthat
introducestheembeddedclause.
A、coordinator B、particle
C、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词
5、"CanIborrowyourbike?
"___"Youhaveabike."
A、issynonymouswithB、isinconsistentwith
C、entailsD、presupposes
6、Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled___.
A、semanticsB、pragmatics
C、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics
7、Grammaticalchangesmaybeexplained,inpart,asanalogicchanges,whichare___orgeneralization泛化.
A、elaborationB、simplification精简
C、externalborrowingD、internalborrowing
8、___referstoamarginallanguageoffewlexicalitemsandstraightforwardgrammaticalrules,usedasamediumofcommunication.
A、Linguafranca通用语B、Creole
C、PidginD、Standardlanguage标准语言
9、Psychologists,neurologistsandlinguistshaveconcludedthat,inadditiontothemotorareawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances,threeareasoftheleftbrainarevitaltolanguage,namely,___.
A、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandtheangulargyrus角回
B、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandcerebralcortex
C、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandneurons
D、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandExner'sarea
10、AccordingtoKrashen,___referstothegradualandsubconciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.
A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition
第二部分 非选择题
II.Directions:
Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)
11、Chomskydefines"competence"astheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
12.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.,theyareallbilabial(双唇音的)
13、Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
14、Asentence isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.
15、Synonymsthataremutuallysubstitutableunderallcircumstancesarecalled
completesynonyms.
16、Theillocutionarypointofrepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomething'sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid.
17、Wordsarecreatedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.Suchamethodofenlargingthevocabularyisknownaswordcoinage(创新词,创新词语).
18、Whereverthestandardlanguagecanuseacontraction(he+is→he's),BlackEnglishcandeletetheformof"be".
19、Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecriticalperiodforfirstlanguageacquisition.
20、Asatypeoflinguisticsystemin12learning,interlanguageisaproductofL2training,mothertongueinterference,overgeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules,andlearningandcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.
III.Directions:
Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20%)
()21、Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thewrittenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforanumberofreasons.
(F:
Actuallymodernlinguisticslaysmoreemphasisonthespokenformoflanguagethanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.)
()22、Voicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginboth
ChineseandEnglish.
(F:
VoicingdistinguishesmeaninginEnglishbutnotinChinese.)
()23、Thecompoundword"bookstore"istheplacewherebooksaresold.This
indicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeanings
ofitscomponents.
(F:
Themeaningofsomecompoundwordshasnothingtodowiththesumtotalofthemeaningsoftheircomponents,suchasthecompound"redcoat".)
()24、Syntacticcategoriesrefertosentences(S)andclauses(C)only.
(F:
ApartfromSandC,theyalsorefertoaword,oraphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.)
()25、DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.
(F:
DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundnotonlyindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutalsowithinthevarietyitself.Forexample,withinBritishEnglish,"girl"iscalled"lassie"inScottishdialect,and"liquor"iscalled"whishey"inIrishdialect.)
()26、OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolated
andthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversational
implicaturesarise.(T)
()27、TheterritoryinwhichtheIndo-Europeanlanguagesaremainlyspoken
todayalsoincludeslanguagesthatarenotIndo-European.(T)
()28、Inmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavethesameinspeech
situationsknownasdomains.
(F:
Theyhaveafairlyclearfairlyclearfunctionaldifferentiation,i.e.onelanguagemaybeusedinsomedomains,otherlanguageinotherdomains.)
()29、AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,
speakers'perceptionsdeterminelanguageandpatterntheirwayoflife.
(F:
Thetruestatementis"AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,languagedeterminesspeakers'perceptionsandpatternstheirwayoflife")
()30、Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.(T)
IV.Directions:
Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesfor
illustration.(3%×10=30%)
31、duality:
Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,therearealimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaninglesswhileatthehigherlevelthereareanunlimitednumberofcombinationsofthesesounds.Itisalsoknownasdoublearticulation.
32、diachroniclinguistics:
Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.
33、broadtranscription:
Awaytotranscribespeechsounds.Thebasicprincipleistouseonelettertoindicateonesound.Itisgenerallyusedindictionariesandlanguageteachingtextbooks.
34、morphologicalrules:
Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword,e.g.-lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.
35、phrasestructurerule:
Arewriterulethatallowsforthepossiblecombinationsofwordstoformphrasesandsentences
36、relationalopposites:
Relationalopposites,akindofantonyms,refertopairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.Forexample,"husband"and"wife","father"and"son"etc.
37、componentialanalysis:
Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Forexample,theword"man"isanalyzedascomprisingof+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.
38、context:
Contextisregardedasconstitutedbyallkindsofknowledgeassumedtobesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,Forexample,theknowledgeofthelanguageusedandtheknowledgeoftheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.
39、euphemism:
Aeuphemismisamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionthatreplacesataboowordorservestoavoidmoredirectwordingthatmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive,e.g."passaway"for"die".
40、brainlateralization:
Brainlateralizationreferstothelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.Forexample,therighthemisphereprocessesstimulimoreholisticallyandthelefthemispheremoreanalytically.Inmostpeople,thelefthemispherehasprimaryresponsibilityforlanguage,whiletherighthemispherecontrolsvisualandspatialskills.
V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%)
41、Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesin
Englishforillustration.
Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.
1)Vowelsoundchange:
Englishhasundergonethesystematicandregularchangeinthevowelsounds,knownastheGreatVowelshiftwhichoccurredattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodandwhichinvolvedsevenlong,ortensevowels.Thesechangesledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenthephonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemes,i.e.betweenpronuncia
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