ROME II Regulation.docx
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ROME II Regulation.docx
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ROMEIIRegulation
Regulation(EC)No864/2007oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil
of11July2007
onthelawapplicabletonon-contractualobligations(RomeII)
THEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDTHECOUNCILOFTHEEUROPEANUNION,
HavingregardtotheTreatyestablishingtheEuropeanCommunity,andinparticularArticles61(c)and67thereof,
HavingregardtotheproposalfromtheCommission,
HavingregardtotheopinionoftheEuropeanEconomicandSocialCommittee[1],
ActinginaccordancewiththeprocedurelaiddowninArticle251oftheTreatyinthelightofthejointtextapprovedbytheConciliationCommitteeon25June2007[2],
Whereas:
(1)TheCommunityhassetitselftheobjectiveofmaintaininganddevelopinganareaoffreedom,securityandjustice.Fortheprogressiveestablishmentofsuchanarea,theCommunityistoadoptmeasuresrelatingtojudicialcooperationincivilmatterswithacross-borderimpacttotheextentnecessaryfortheproperfunctioningoftheinternalmarket.
(2)AccordingtoArticle65(b)oftheTreaty,thesemeasuresaretoincludethosepromotingthecompatibilityoftherulesapplicableintheMemberStatesconcerningtheconflictoflawsandofjurisdiction.
(3)TheEuropeanCouncilmeetinginTampereon15and16October1999endorsedtheprincipleofmutualrecognitionofjudgmentsandotherdecisionsofjudicialauthoritiesasthecornerstoneofjudicialcooperationincivilmattersandinvitedtheCouncilandtheCommissiontoadoptaprogrammeofmeasurestoimplementtheprincipleofmutualrecognition.
(4)On30November2000,theCounciladoptedajointCommissionandCouncilprogrammeofmeasuresforimplementationoftheprincipleofmutualrecognitionofdecisionsincivilandcommercialmatters[3].Theprogrammeidentifiesmeasuresrelatingtotheharmonisationofconflict-of-lawrulesasthosefacilitatingthemutualrecognitionofjudgments.
(5)TheHagueProgramme[4],adoptedbytheEuropeanCouncilon5November2004,calledforworktobepursuedactivelyontherulesofconflictoflawsregardingnon-contractualobligations(RomeII).
(6)Theproperfunctioningoftheinternalmarketcreatesaneed,inordertoimprovethepredictabilityoftheoutcomeoflitigation,certaintyastothelawapplicableandthefreemovementofjudgments,fortheconflict-of-lawrulesintheMemberStatestodesignatethesamenationallawirrespectiveofthecountryofthecourtinwhichanactionisbrought.
(7)ThesubstantivescopeandtheprovisionsofthisRegulationshouldbeconsistentwithCouncilRegulation(EC)No44/2001of22December2000onjurisdictionandtherecognitionandenforcementofjudgmentsincivilandcommercialmatters[5](BrusselsI)andtheinstrumentsdealingwiththelawapplicabletocontractualobligations.
(8)ThisRegulationshouldapplyirrespectiveofthenatureofthecourtortribunalseised.
(9)ClaimsarisingoutofactaiureimperiishouldincludeclaimsagainstofficialswhoactonbehalfoftheStateandliabilityforactsofpublicauthorities,includingliabilityofpubliclyappointedoffice-holders.Therefore,thesemattersshouldbeexcludedfromthescopeofthisRegulation.
(10)Familyrelationshipsshouldcoverparentage,marriage,affinityandcollateralrelatives.ThereferenceinArticle1
(2)torelationshipshavingcomparableeffectstomarriageandotherfamilyrelationshipsshouldbeinterpretedinaccordancewiththelawoftheMemberStateinwhichthecourtisseised.
(11)Theconceptofanon-contractualobligationvariesfromoneMemberStatetoanother.ThereforeforthepurposesofthisRegulationnon-contractualobligationshouldbeunderstoodasanautonomousconcept.Theconflict-of-lawrulessetoutinthisRegulationshouldalsocovernon-contractualobligationsarisingoutofstrictliability.
(12)Thelawapplicableshouldalsogovernthequestionofthecapacitytoincurliabilityintort/delict.
(13)UniformrulesappliedirrespectiveofthelawtheydesignatemayaverttheriskofdistortionsofcompetitionbetweenCommunitylitigants.
(14)Therequirementoflegalcertaintyandtheneedtodojusticeinindividualcasesareessentialelementsofanareaofjustice.ThisRegulationprovidesfortheconnectingfactorswhicharethemostappropriatetoachievetheseobjectives.Therefore,thisRegulationprovidesforageneralrulebutalsoforspecificrulesand,incertainprovisions,foran"escapeclause"whichallowsadeparturefromtheseruleswhereitisclearfromallthecircumstancesofthecasethatthetort/delictismanifestlymorecloselyconnectedwithanothercountry.Thissetofrulesthuscreatesaflexibleframeworkofconflict-of-lawrules.Equally,itenablesthecourtseisedtotreatindividualcasesinanappropriatemanner.
(15)Theprincipleofthelexlocidelicticommissiisthebasicsolutionfornon-contractualobligationsinvirtuallyalltheMemberStates,butthepracticalapplicationoftheprinciplewherethecomponentfactorsofthecasearespreadoverseveralcountriesvaries.Thissituationengendersuncertaintyastothelawapplicable.
(16)Uniformrulesshouldenhancetheforeseeabilityofcourtdecisionsandensureareasonablebalancebetweentheinterestsofthepersonclaimedtobeliableandthepersonwhohassustaineddamage.Aconnectionwiththecountrywherethedirectdamageoccurred(lexlocidamni)strikesafairbalancebetweentheinterestsofthepersonclaimedtobeliableandthepersonsustainingthedamage,andalsoreflectsthemodernapproachtocivilliabilityandthedevelopmentofsystemsofstrictliability.
(17)Thelawapplicableshouldbedeterminedonthebasisofwherethedamageoccurs,regardlessofthecountryorcountriesinwhichtheindirectconsequencescouldoccur.Accordingly,incasesofpersonalinjuryordamagetoproperty,thecountryinwhichthedamageoccursshouldbethecountrywheretheinjurywassustainedorthepropertywasdamagedrespectively.
(18)ThegeneralruleinthisRegulationshouldbethelexlocidamniprovidedforinArticle4
(1).Article4
(2)shouldbeseenasanexceptiontothisgeneralprinciple,creatingaspecialconnectionwherethepartieshavetheirhabitualresidenceinthesamecountry.Article4(3)shouldbeunderstoodasan‘escapeclause’fromArticle4
(1)and
(2),whereitisclearfromallthecircumstancesofthecasethatthetort/delictismanifestlymorecloselyconnectedwithanothercountry.
(19)Specificrulesshouldbelaiddownforspecialtorts/delictswherethegeneralruledoesnotallowareasonablebalancetobestruckbetweentheinterestsatstake.
(20)Theconflict-of-lawruleinmattersofproductliabilityshouldmeettheobjectivesoffairlyspreadingtherisksinherentinamodernhigh-technologysociety,protectingconsumers'health,stimulatinginnovation,securingundistortedcompetitionandfacilitatingtrade.Creationofacascadesystemofconnectingfactors,togetherwithaforeseeabilityclause,isabalancedsolutioninregardtotheseobjectives.Thefirstelementtobetakenintoaccountisthelawofthecountryinwhichthepersonsustainingthedamagehadhisorherhabitualresidencewhenthedamageoccurred,iftheproductwasmarketedinthatcountry.Theotherelementsofthecascadearetriggerediftheproductwasnotmarketedinthatcountry,withoutprejudicetoArticle4
(2)andtothepossibilityofamanifestlycloserconnectiontoanothercountry.
(21)ThespecialruleinArticle6isnotanexceptiontothegeneralruleinArticle4
(1)butratheraclarificationofit.Inmattersofunfaircompetition,theconflict-of-lawruleshouldprotectcompetitors,consumersandthegeneralpublicandensurethatthemarketeconomyfunctionsproperly.Theconnectiontothelawofthecountrywherecompetitiverelationsorthecollectiveinterestsofconsumersare,orarelikelytobe,affectedgenerallysatisfiestheseobjectives.
(22)Thenon-contractualobligationsarisingoutofrestrictionsofcompetitioninArticle6(3)shouldcoverinfringementsofbothnationalandCommunitycompetitionlaw.Thelawapplicabletosuchnon-contractualobligationsshouldbethelawofthecountrywherethemarketis,orislikelytobe,affected.Incaseswherethemarketis,orislikelytobe,affectedinmorethanonecountry,theclaimantshouldbeableincertaincircumstancestochoosetobasehisorherclaimonthelawofthecourtseised.
(23)ForthepurposesofthisRegulation,theconceptofrestrictionofcompetitionshouldcoverprohibitionsonagreementsbetweenundertakings,decisionsbyassociationsofundertakingsandconcertedpracticeswhichhaveastheirobjectoreffecttheprevention,restrictionordistortionofcompetitionwithinaMemberStateorwithintheinternalmarket,aswellasprohibitionsontheabuseofadominantpositionwithinaMemberStateorwithintheinternalmarket,wheresuchagreements,decisions,concertedpracticesorabusesareprohibitedbyArticles81and82oftheTreatyorbythelawofaMemberState.
(24)"Environmentaldamage"shouldbeunderstoodasmeaningadversechangeinanaturalresource,suchaswater,landorair,impairmentofafunctionperformedbythatresourceforthebenefitofanothernaturalresourceorthepublic,orimpairmentofthevariabilityamonglivingorganisms.
(25)Regardingenvironmentaldamage,Article174oftheTreaty,whichprovidesthatthereshouldbeahighlevelofprotectionbasedontheprecautionaryprincipleandtheprinciplethatpreventiveactionshouldbetaken,theprincipleofpriorityforcorrectiveactionatsourceandtheprinciplethatthepolluterpays,fullyjustifiestheuseoftheprincipleofdiscriminatinginfavourofthepersonsustainingthedamage.Thequestionofwhenthepersonseekingcompens
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